<$$   trf? 

&«*»** 


THE 

UNION     SKETCH-BOOK: 


EXHIBITING   THE 

HISTORY  AND  BUSINESS   RESOURCES  OF  THE  LEADING 

MERCANTILE  AND   MANUFACTURING 

FIRMS  OF  NEW  YORK. 


INTERSPERSED   WITH   MANY    IMPORTANT,   VALUABLE,   AND 

INTERESTING  FACTS   RELATING  TO  THE   VARIOUS 

BRANCHES    OF 

TRADE,  MANUFACTURE,  AND  THE  MECHANIC  ARTS. 


TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED 

A      DIRECTORY 

TO  THE  PRINCIPAL  OBJECTS  OF  INTEREST  IN  NEW   YORK,   AND 
OTHER   ITEMS   OF   INTEREST, 

FOR  THE  USE  OF  VISITING  MERCHANTS. 
WRITTEN,  ARRANGED,  AND  COMPILED  FROM  AUTHENTIC  SOURCES. 

Br  GOBRIGHT  AND  DAWES. 

NEW  YORK  : 
RUDD  &  CARLETON,   130  GRAND  STREET. 

M  DCCC  LXI. 


JOHNS  &  CROSLEY, 

Sole  Manufacturers  of  the 
IMPROVED 

GUTTA  PERCH  A  CEMENT  ROOFING, 

The  Cheapest  and  Most  Durable  Roofing  in  use.    Is  Fire  and  Water 

Proof.     Can  be  applied  to   Roofs  of  all  kinds,   new   or  old, 

steep  or  flat.     The  cost  is  less  than  one-half  that  of  Tin, 

and  is  twice  as  durable. 


GUTTA  PERCHA  CEMENT, 

For  Preserving  and  Repairing  Tin  and  other  Metal  Roofs,  is  more 

durable,  when  applied  to  Metals  of  all  kinds,  than  any 

Paint  known,  and  far  cheaper. 


For  Cementing  Wood,  Leather,  Glass,  China,  Marble,  Ivory,  Bone, 
Porcelain,  &c.,  &c. 


JOHNS   &  CROSLEY, 

WHOLESALE  WAREHOUSE, 

78  William  Street,  corner  of  Liberty, 

NEW    YORK. 


FULL   DESCRIPTIVE  CIRCULARS   FURNISHED   ON   APPLICATION. 


INDEX. 


PAGX 

Agricultural  Implements,  Ac.,  Grifflng  Bros 112 

Alcohol,  Camphene,  Ac.,  J.  A.  Webb  <&  Co 180 

Alcohol  and  Liquors,  Hoffman  &  Curtis 146 

Ales,  Wines,  Ac.,  G.  E.  Mendum 134 

American  Gutta  Percha  Kooflng  Co.,  Forbes  <S>  Willis  55 

American  Porcelain  Photograph  Co., 186 

American  Cement  Glue,  John*  <&  Crosley 85 

Amusements,  Places  of,  in  New  York 117 

Artificial  Flowers,  R.  M.  Mitchill 91 

Bankers,  Duncan,  Sherman  <fc  Co 188 

Billiard  Tables,  I'helan  &  Collender 87 

Billiard  Materials,  Photon  <fc  CoUender 87 

Billiard  Saloons,  in  New  York 115 

Burning  Fluid,  A  Icohol,  &c.,  J  A.  Webb 180 

Candles,  Soaps,  Ac.,  J.  C.  Hull's  Son 12 

Camphcne,  Alcohol,  Ac.,  J.  A.  Webb 180 

Central  Park,  New  York 8 

City  Hospital,  New  York 174 

City  Uailroads,  New  York 82 

Cigars,  Wines,  Ac.,  Thomas  G.  Little 48 

Cloths,  Cassimeres,  Ac.,  Sullivan,  Randolph  tt  Budd 109 

Coal  Oils,  Ac.,  Cozeens  A  Co .• 70 

Colt's  Arms  Company,  Hartford,  Conn 159 

Conn.  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Co.,  W.  S.  Dunham 128 

Cordage,  Twine,  Ac.,  Wittard  Harvey  &  Co. 127 

Cracker  Bakery,  E.  TreitdwelCe  Sons 41 

Currier's  Oil,  Hading*  &  Co.* 88 

Daguerreotypes,  Photographs,  Ac.,  C.  D,  Fredericks  <t  Co 60 

do.  do.  J.  Gurney  <k  Son 68 

Distillers  and  Rectifiers,  Hoffman  <fc  Curtis* 145 

Distances  in  the  Citv,  New  York 136 

Dry  Goods,  Ac.,  C.  W.  &  J.  T.  Moort  &  Co 78 

Drugs  and  Chemicals,  Schieffelin  Bros,  <fe  Co 16 

Druggists'  Articles,  Schie/elin  Bros.  &  Co 16 

Drugs,  Medicines,  Ac.,  A.  B.  Sands  <&  Co 142 

Envelopes,  Berlin  &  Jones 108 

Engraving,  Klectrotyping.  Ac.,  A.  H.  Jocelyn 175 

Feathers,  for  Millinery.  11.  M.  Mitchill 9V 

Fine  Art  Institutions,  New  York 115 

Fire  Arms,  Coifs  Arms  Company 159 

Fancy  Goods,  Cary,  Ifmcara,  Sanyer  dk  Co 170 

Fences,  N.  Y.  Co.'s  Patent,  W.  tthattitclc 178 

Fire  Proof  Safes,  S.  C.  Herring  &  Co. 181 

Gutta  Percha  Hoofing  and  Cement,  Forbet  &  Will-U 65 

Gutta  Percha  Cement  Kooflng,  Johns  &  Croxley 88 

Guide  to  objects  of  Interest,  in  New  York 61 

Gunpowder,  Tim  Iliizanl  (iiinjimcder  Company 156 

Hackney  Cnudi  Fares,  in  New  York 187 

Hazard  Gunpowder  Company 156 

History  of  the  Manufacture  of  Envelopes,  Berlin  it  Jones 108 

Hoop  Skirts,  L.  A.  Osborn  189 

Hotels,  in  New  York 96 


VI  INDEX. 

PAflB 

Japanned  and  Planished  Tin  Ware,  J.  D.  Locke 27 

Johns  &  Crosley's  Advertisements 2  and  4 

Kerosene  and  Coal  Oil,  Cozzens  &  Co 79 

Lead  Pipe,  Sheet  Lead,  Shot,  <fcc,  Otis,  Leroy  <&  Co. 169 

Life  Insurance,  W.  S.  Dunham •„ 1'28 

Liquors,  Domestic,  Hoffman  A  Curtiss 145 

Locks,  Jones'  Patent,  C.  8.  Herring  A  Co .181 

Medicines,  Drugs.  Ac.,  A.  B.  Sands  A  Co 142 

Military  Books,  D.  Van  Nostrand 188 

Millinery  Goods,  B.  M.  Mitchill 91 

New  York  Fence  Company,  W.  S/utttuck 178 

New  York  City ^ 

New  York  City  Hospital 174 

New  York  City  Parks 29 

Objects  of  Interest,  in  New  York  City.  61 

Oils,  Candles,  &c.,  Hustings  A  Co 88 

Oils,  Coal,  Cozzens  &  Co 70 

Paper,  Envelopes,  «fec.,  Berlin  A  Jones 108 

Perfumery  and  Toilet  Articles,  Schieffelin  Bros.  &  Co 16 

Piano  Fortes,  Lighte,  &  Bradbury 88 

do.        do.    Raven,  Bacon  A  Co 152 

Photographic  Gallery,  J.  Gurney  &  Son 58 

Photographs,  Daguerreotypes,  &c.,  C.  D.  Fredericks  A  Co 50 

Population  of  the  United  States,  Census  1860 7 

Popular  Resorts,  in  New  York 117 

Porcelain,  Photographs  on 185 

Principal  Objects  of  Interest  in  New  York 61 

Kailroad  Depots,  New  York 81 

Boofing  Patent  Johns  A  Crosley 88 

Booting,  GuttaPercha.  Forbes  A  Willis 55 

Booftng  Paint,  Forbes  &  Willis outside  cover. 

Salseratus,  Bi-Carb.  Soda,  Ac.,  fhos.  Andrews  A  Co. 22 

Scientific  Books,  D.  Van  Nostrand 1.88 

Sewing  Machines,  Qroter,  Baker  A  Co "66 

do.  do.        Wheeler,  Wilson  A  Co 98 

Seeds  and  Agricultural  Implements,  Griffing  Bros 112 

Ship  Bread  and  Crackers,  K.  TreadwelCs  Sons 41 

Shot,  Bullets,  Lead,  Ac..  Otis,  Leroy  A  Co 169 

811  ver  Ware,  Gale  A  Willis 98 

Soap,  Candles,  Ac.,  /fatting*  A  Co. 88 

do.  do.         J.  C.  Hull's  Son 12 

Soda,  Salseratus,  <fcc.,  Thos.  Andt  ews  A  Co 22 

Something  about  Dry  Goods,  C.  W.  A  J.  T.  Moore  A  Co 78 

Spring  Bed  Bottoms,  Johns  A  Crosley • 85 

Tesselatcd  Pavements,  Maw  A  Co. 119 

Theatres,  in  New  York lit 

Tiles  for  Floors,  Mnw  A  Co 119 

Tin  Ware,  Ac.,  J.  D.  Locke  A  Co 2T 

Twine  Seines,  .fee..  Willard,  Harvey  A  Co 127 

Ulmcr  Spring  Bed  Bottom,  Johns  A  Crosl-ey 85 

Vesting*,  Cloths,  Ac.,  Sullivan,  Randolph  A  Budd 109 

Whale  Oils,  HnMngt  A  Co .  88 

W im-s.  Cigars,  Ac.,  Thos.  G.  Little 48 

"Wood  Kngravlng.  A.  If.  Joc.ely* 175 

Yeast  Powders,  Tlws.  Andrews  A  Co 22 


THE  UNION  SKETCH-BOOK  AND  GUIDE  TO 
'  NEW  YORK. 

IN  presenting  oar  fifth  volume  to  the  public,  we  would  thank 
them  for  the  gratifying  evidences  they  have  given  us  of  their  appre- 
ciation of  our  past  efforts,  which,  in  writing  the  present  work,  have 
impelled  us  to  endeavor  to  surpass  the  former  ones.  Oar  aim  has 
been^  in  this  volame,  to  embody  in  the  most  condensed  form,  all  the 
most  important  and  interesting  facts  relating  to  the  origin  and  pro- 
gress of  Science,  Art,  Mechanics,  and  Manufactures,  and  while 
giving  many  statistics  we  have  endeavored  to  connect  with  them 
many  interesting  items  that  should  render  the  book  both  amusing 
and  instructive.  -We  have  added  several  new  features  to  the  pre- 
sent work  which  we  hope  will  be  found  valuable  to  all  into  whose 
hands  it  may  fall* 

NEW  YORK. 

'Tis  pleasant,  through  the  loopholes  of  retreat, 
To  peep  at  such  a  world ;   to  see  the  stir 
Of  the  great  Babel,  and  not  feel  the  crowd ; 
To  hear  the  roar  she  sends  through  all  her  gatcSj 
At  a  safe  distance,  where  the  dying  sound 
Falls  a  soft  murmur  on  the  uninjured  car. 

COWPER. 

A  writer  of  recent  date  thus  briefly,  but  forcibly,  refers  to  this 
metropolis — the  great  point  of  centralization  for  the  enterprise  of 
the  entire  continent.  It  is  "  the  centre  from  which  radiates  most  of 
what  constitutes  the  prosperity  and  glory  of  the  country,  and  to 
which  it  is  directed,  as  the  threads  which  comprise  the  spider's  web 
all  tend  to  the  nucleus  in  its  middle.  The  commerce,  the  learning, 
the  scientific  knowledge  concentrated  here — nay,  the  very  geographi- 
cal position  of  New  York,  with  its  two  water  approaches  opening 
into  the  ocean,  covered  with  a  net-work  of  steamships — the  two 
magnificent  rivers  which  encircle  it ;  the  railroads  which  converge 


8  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

in  its  very  heart,  all  tend  to  make  it  the  centre  of  civilization  on  the 
American  continent.  Add  to  which  it  is  thought  to  be  as  healthy 
a  spot  as  any  in  the  world." 

It  now  occupies  the  entire  island  from  the  Battery  to  the  Harlem 
river,  abont  fourteen  miles  in  extent,  or  an  area  of  nearly  twenty- 
three  square  miles.  In  1850  upward  of  three  thousand  buildings 
were  erected.  During  subsequent  years  the  ratio  has  been  much 
greater,  while  the  edifices  exhibit  the  most  lavish  expenditure;  all 
tending  to  prove  the  fact  that  New  York  does  business  on  a  large 
scale.  One  of  its  latest  and  grandest  enterprises  is  * 

THE  OEEAT  CENTRAL  PARK, 

the  lands  of  which  came  into  the  possession  of  the  city  in  February, 
1856. 

DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  GROUND. — The  tract  comprises  at  present 
840  acres,  including  about  142  acres  belonging  to  the  Croton  Aque-» 
duct  Department ;  and  it  contains,  besides  streets  and  avenues,  about 
9,00(7  Jots  (25  x  100).  Its  cost  was  $5,444,369.90,  of  which  sum 
$1,657,590  was  assessed  on  adjoining  property,  leaving  $3,786,779  to 
be  paid  by  the  city,  the  money  being  borrowed  on  five  per  cent, 
stock,  payable  in  1898.  This  is  believed  to  have  been  the  largest 
sum  ever  expended  in  the  purchase  of  land  for  a  public  park.  The 
park,  as  its  name  implies,  lies  in  the  geographical  centre  of  New 
York  Island,  being  about  five  miles  from  the  Battery  and  from 
King's  Bridge,  and  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  East 
river  and  from  the  North  river.  It  is  about  two  and  a  half  miles 
long,  and.  half  a  mile  wide,  being  long  and  narrow  in  form,  as  com- 
pared with  other  parks  of  equal  size. 

The  narrow  limits  of  this  work  utterly  exclude  the  possibility  of 
giving  a  detailed  description  of  this  magnificent  enterprise ;  we, 
therefore,  content  ourselves  by  extracting  from  the  celebrated  manual 
of  Mr.  Valentine,  the  following  general  view  : 

"The  most  important  improvement  now  being  made  in  the  city, 
is  the  regulation  of  the  Central  Park,  which  is  situated  very  nearly 
in  the  geographical  centre  of  the  island,  and  comprises  773  acres, 


THE   UfrlON  SKETCH  BOOK.  9 

bounded  by  Fifty-ninth  street,  Fifth  Avenne,  106th  street,  and 
Eighth  Avenne.  It  is  proposed  to  extend  it  to  110th  street,  in 
order  to  secure  the  very  beautiful  northern  slope  of  a  large  hill, 
which  lies  mainly  within  the  park.  This  extension  will  increase  its 
size  to  about  840  acres.  The  receiving  Croton  Reservoir,  and  the  new 
reservoir  (now  under  construction)  lie  within  the  park,  near  its  centre. 
The  Central  Park  is  to  be,  in  all  respects,  as  well  adapted  as  is  possi- 
ble to  the  recreative  wants  of  the  people  of  the  city ;  rich  and  poor, 
old  and  young,  strong  and  weak,  will  here  find  common  ground ; 
and  the  arrangement  of  the  various  parts  will  be  such  as  to  afford 
the  largest  facilities  for  individual  enjoyment,  without  interference 
from,  or  interfering  with,  those  of  different  tastes.  Pedestrians  may 
roam  at  pleasure  over  twenty-five  miles  of  walks,  some  fashionable 
and  much  frequented,  others  retired  and  quiet ;  or  over  hundreds  of 
acres  of  lawn,  woodland,  and  meadow.  In  their  walks  they  may 
obtain  any  desirable  observation  of  equipages  and  equestrians  with- 
out once  having  to  cross  their  track  on  the  same  level,  or  they  may 
entirely  seclude  themselves,  not  only  from  the  sight,  but  from  the 
sound  of  vehicles.  Riders  on  horseback  may  join  the  throng  on  the 
carriage-roads,  or  may  confine  their  peregrinations  to  five  miles  of 
bridle  road,  on  which  no  vehicle  will  be  admitted.  Nearly  two 
miles  of  this  ride  will  be  about  the  new  reservoir,  where  it  is  pro- 
posed to  contrive  for  equestrians  a  level  road  forty  feet  in  width. 
For  carriages  there  will  be  nearly  eight  miles  of  broad,  well-made 
roadway,  affording,  in  its  course,  a  view  of  nearly  every  object  of 
interest  in  fche  Park,  but  nowhere  crossing  on  the  same  level,  a  foot 
path  of  importance,  or  any  portion  of  the  bridle  road.  The  main 
entrance  to  the  Park  will  be  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  avenue  and 
Fifty-ninth  street,  and  there  will  be  minor  entrances  at  Seventh 
avenue — at  either  end  of  the  Park — and  at  convenient  points  along 
Fifth  and  Eighth  avenues.  For  tlie  accommodation  of  business 
travel  across  the  Park,  there  will  be  provided  four  transverse  roads, 
so  arranged  as  to  pass  under  elevated  portions  of  the  roadways,  and 
to  afford  a  direct  thoroughfare  across  the  Piirk,  without  obstructing 
or  being  obstructed  by  pleasure  travel.  The  prominent  feature  of  the 

1* 


10  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Park  will  be  a  grand  mall,  one  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length,  ^nd  two 
hundred  feet  in  width,  having  a  broad  walk  in  its  centre,  and  four 
rows  of  elm  trees  extending  through  its  entire  length.  This  mall 
will  be  approached  at  its  southern  end  by  a  vestibule  or  lawn,  orna- 
mented with  statuary,  and  it  will  terminate  at  its  northern  extremity 
in  a  richly  decorated  water  terrace  and  fountain.  At  the  foot  of  the 
terrace  is  the  principal  pond  of  the  Park,  containing  nearly  twenty 
acres  of  water,  and  skirting  the  Ramble— a  rural  promenading  dis- 
trict south  of  the  receiving  reservoir.  It  was  this  pond  which  was 
filled  for  the  benefit  of  skaters  during  the  past  winter." 

Further  and  general  information  respecting  the  general  features 
of  the  Park  may  be  obtained  from  an  admirable  pamphlet  entitled 
a  "  Guide  to  the  Central  Park,"  from  which  we  extract  the  follow- 
ing: 

HOW   TO   SEE   THE   PARK — CITY   OAE8. 

The  Central  Park  may  be  reached  by  the  Third,  Sixth,  and  Eighth 
avenue  railroads.  The  Third  avenue  cars  run  from  below  the  City 
Hall,  near  the  Astor  House,  via  the  Bowery  and  Third  avenue,  to 
One  Hundred  and  Thirtieth  street,  Harlem.  This  line  runs  parallel 
to  the  Park,  two  blocks  distant,  for  its  entire  length,  and  affords  the 
best  accommodations  for  visiting  those  parts  which  are  now  most 
interesting.  Passengers  may  leave  the  cars  at  the  depot  (Sixty-fifth 
street),  and  Walk  across  Hamilton  square  and  a  partially  open  street, 
to  the  Fifth  avenue,  entering  the  Park  at  the  Arsenal  gate  or  at 
Sixty-seventh  street,  the  route  across  being  tolerable  in  dry  weather ; 
at  Seventy-first  street,  which  is  open  to  a  very  favorable  point  of 
entrance ;  at  Seventy-ninth  street,  on  the  upper  side  of  which  there  is 
a  good"  side- walk,  to  the  Superintendent's  office ;  at  Eighty-sixth  street, 
•which  is  Hugged  to  the  Park,  crossing  it  to  the  reservoirs ;  or  at  One 
Hundred  and  Ninth  street,  which  is  open  to  the  Park  near  its  north- 
ern boundary.  These  cars  run  every  two  and  a  half  minutes,  each 
alternate  car  (marked  over  the  front  "  HARLEM  AND  YORKVILLE, 
DIRECT")  running  through  to  Harlem,  and  the  others  only  to  Sixty- 
fifth  street.  The  fare  to  Sixty-fifth  street  is  five  cents ;  thence  to 


THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK.  11 

Harlem  five  cents;  and  through  the  entire  route  from  the  Astor 
House  to  Harlem,  but  six  cents.  The  time  from  the  Astor  House 
to  Sixty-fifth  street  is  forty-eight  minutes ;  to  Seventy-ninth  street, 
fifty-four  minutes;  to  Ninety-second  street,  sixty  minutes,  and  to 
Harlem,  one  hour  and  eighteen  minutes.  From  Caual  street  it  is 
eleven  minutes  less  than  from  the  Astor  House,  and  from  Fourteenth 
street,  twenty-five  minutes  less.  The  Third  avenue  cars  also  run 
every  few  minutes  to  Sixty-fifth  street,  and  two  or  three  times  an 
hour,  to  Harlem,  all  night. 

The  Sixth  avenue  cars  run  from  the  Astor  House,  and  from  Broad- 
way and  Canal  street,  via  Varick  street,  etc.,  and  the  Sixth  avenue, 
to  Fifty-ninth  street,  the  lower  boundary  of  the  Park.  After  leav- 
ing the  cars,  turn  to  the  left,  and  enter  at  the  first  or  second  stile. 
The  first  leads  to  a  high  mass  of  rock,  whence  may  be  had  a  good 
view  of  that  part  of  the  park ;  and  the  second,  by  the  easiest  route 
to  the  drive. 

The  Eighth  avenue  cars  start  from  the  same  points  as  the  Sixth, 
and  pass,  via  Hudson  street,  etc.,  to  the  Eighth  avenue,  on  which 
they  run  to  Forty-ninth  street,  whence  passengers  may  walk,  a  half 
mile,  to  the  park,  or  until  they  meet,  at  Fifty-first  street  (which  they 
may,  or  may  not),  a  small  car,  that  runs  to  and  from  Fifty-ninth 
street.  From  the  terminus  of  this  line,  one  may  turn  to  the  right, 
and  enter  at  the  Seventh  avenue  gate,  or  continue  up  the  Eighth 
avenue  to  the  Sixty-second  street  gate.  The  fare  on  both  of  these 
roads  is  five  cents,  for  any  distance,  and  the  cars  run  at  frequent 
iBterv.ils. 


A  FEW  WORDS  ABOUT  SOAP  AND  CANDLES. 


-Industry, 


To  meditate,  to  plan,  resolve,  perform, 
Which  in  itself  is  good — as  surely  brings 
Reward  of  good,  no  matter  what  be  done. 

POLLOK. 

"  The  quantity  of  Soap  consumed  by  a  nation,"  says  the 
celebrated  Licbig  in  his  familiar  letters  on  chemistry,  would  be 
no  inaccurate  measure  whereby  to  estimate  its  wealth  and  civili- 
zation. Political  economists,  indeed,  will  not  give  it  this  rank; 
but  whether  we  regard  it  as  joke  or  earnest,  it  is  not  the  less 
true  that,  of  two  countries  equal  in  population,  we  may  declare 
with  positive  certainty,  that  the  wealthiest  and  most  highly 
civilized,  is  that  which  consumes  the  greatest  weight  of  soap. 
It  is  not,  however,  merely  by  the  quantity  consumed  of  this 
important  article,  that  the  distinguished  chemist  would  establish 
his  claims  to  represent  the  civilization  of  a  people.  The  vast  train 
of  chemical,  manufacturing,  and  commercial  operations  called 
into  existence  for  its  economical  production,  and  the  cheaper, 
more  extended,  and  altogether  new  arts  and  processes  incident- 
ally growing,  out  of  these,  would,  even  wfth  political  econo- 
mists, entitle  it  to  this  rank. 

The  materials  used  in  making  soaps  are  alkalies  and  fatty 
snl (stances,  or  oils,  both  of  animal  and  vegetable  origin  ;  of  the 
former,  potash,  soda,  and  a  small  proportion  of  lime,  are  em- 
ployed. The  artificial  production  and  cheap  supply  of  soda 
I'niiii  common  salt,  the  alkali  chiefly  used,  introduced  about  the 
beginning  of  the  present  century,  has  since  that  time  completely 
revolutionized  the  business  both  in  Europe  and  in  this  country, 
and  probably  within  the  last  twenty  years  quadrupled  the  con- 
sumption of  fats  and  oils  The  principal  ones  used  are,  tallow 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BpOK.  13 

and  lard ;  palm,  olive,  and  cocoa-nut  oils.  Rosin  also  enters 
largely  into  the  composition  of  common  yellow  soap.  Theyf 
chief  agency  is  to  serve  as  a  vehicle  for  the  alkali,  upon  which 
the  detergent  properties  of  soap  mainly  depend  ;  while  the 
combination  of  the  latter  with  the  fatty  acids  generated  in 
the  process  of  saponification,  subdues  its  caustic  qualities,  and 
preserves  the  skin  and  the  texture  and  colors  of  fabrics.  Many 
other  important  and  interesting  facts  relating  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  soap  and  candles  might  here  be  given,  but  want  of 
space  compels  us  to  be  brief;  we  therefore  conclude  our  pre- 
sent article,  by  giving  a  practical  illustration  of  the  business. 

J.  C.  HULL'S  SON  (FORMERLY  WAGER  HULL  &  SON). 

This  house  dates  its  existence  as  far  back  as  1780,  having 
been  established  by  a  great-grandfather  of  the  present  firm,  on 
a  small  lot  of  ground  upon  the  present  site.  Since  that  period 
the  business  has  passed  through  a  succession  of  three  genera- 
tions, and  is  now  in  the  hands  of  Charles  Wager  Hull,  consti- 
tuting an  establishment  of  such  great  age,  as  is  rarely  to  be 
found  ;  and  the  fact  of  its  remaining  for  such  a  length  of  time 
in  the  exclusive  possession  of  one  family,  is  one  of  the  surest 
evidences  of  the  thorough  and  practical  knowledge  of  the 
business  as  conducted  by  the  above-named  firm. 

The  reputation  for  excellence  which  the  soaps  of  this  establish- 
ment have  gained,  is  owing  to  the  finer  qualities  of  oils  which  are 
used,  and  which  are  entirely  free  from  any  injurious  admixture 
of  foreign  substances  so  much  used  by  many  soap-makers  to 
give  strength  to  common  soap,  and  to  make  cheaper  any  soap 
into  which  they  are  infused.  In  the  production  of  fancy  soaps, 
this  establishment  is  not  equalled  by  any  other  in  the  United 
States,  comprising  some  seventy  kinds,  of  all  shapes,  tints, 
stamps,  sizes,  and  perfumes,  and  which  in  their  appearance  are 


14  THE   UNION    SKETCH   BOOK. 

truly  beautiful  and  attractive.  With  reference  to  the  candle 
department,  it  may  be  said,  that  candles  are  made  here  by  a 
peculiar  process,  known  only  to  this  concern,  and  being  made 
in  large  quantities,  are  offered  to  the  trade  at  prices  far  below 
the  mark  elsewhere  charged  for  articles  of  an  inferior 
quality. 

Were  it  necessary,  we  might  enumerate  some  'of  the  leading 
articles  of  Messrs.  Hull's  manufacture,  which  have  gained  great 
celebrity  throughout  the  country  ;  but  they  are  so  well-known, 
that  eulogy  would  add  nothing  to  the  high  appreciation  in 
which  they  are  already  held.  This  being  the  oldest,  and  one 
of  the  largest  and  best-regulated  soap  and  candle  factories  in 
the  United  States,  it  forms  a  matter  of  no  surprise  that  its 
business  is  so  largely  and  widely  extended,  reaching  to  the  West 
Indies,  and  to  South  and  Central  America,  and  enjoying  in  our 
own  country  as  well,  a  large  share  of  patronage.  Articles 
emanating  from  this  establishment  fully  justify  the  correctness 
of  the  foregoing  statements,  and  as  experience  is  necessary  to 
the  production  of  perfect  articles,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that  a 
period  of  eighty-one  years  has  not  been  spent  in  vain  ;  hence 
it  is  that  the  oldest  customers  of  the  house  have  closely  adhered 
to  their  first  choice,  while  new  ones,  desiring  to  secure  their 
own  interests,  are  not  slow  to  avail  themselves  of  the  advan- 
tages thus  presented. 

Among  the  articles  for  which  the  factory  of  J.  C.  Hull's 
Son  lias  obtained  a  special  and  profitable  celebrity,  may  be  men- 
tioned their  Pure  Old  Palm  Soap,  which  for  many  years  they 
have  manufactured  to  a  large  extent.  It  is  made  from  pure 
palm  oil,  and  is  confessed  equal  to  any  imported  article  for  the 
ordinary  toilet  purposes,  for  children,  and  for  the  bath.  The 
known  healing  properties,  peculiar  to  palm-oil,  have  made  it 
highly  valued,  and  especially  adapt  it  for  chapped  hands  in  cold 


THE   UNION    SKETCH  BOOK.  15 

. 

weather.  We  can  recommend  this  truly  excellent  article,  from 
long  personal  familiarity  with  it. 

Notwithstanding  its  great  merits,  it  is  sold  much  lower  than 
any  imported  soaps,  and  than  many  which  are  claimed  to  be 
imported.  It  has  a  slight,  pleasing,  delicate  perfume  ;  and,  we 
should  here  observe  that  soaps  are  injured  wh«n  too  highly 
scented,  although  the  uninformed  in  these  matters  are  often  led 
.to  imagine  that  the  keener  the  odor  the  better  the  soap. 
J.  C.  Hull's  Son  likewise  manufacture  a  very  fine  article  of 
Shaving  Soap,  which  we  can  commend  for  its  quick  and  abund- 
ant lather,  and  its  assistance  to  the  razor  in  the  smooth  and 
easy  removal  of  the  beard. 

Another  article  of  their  manufacture,  which  is  of  great  im- 
•portance  and  has  come  into  extensive  use  for  Hail  roads,  Steam- 
ships, Mills,  Machine  shops,  &c.,  is  entitled  The  Imperial  Lubri- 
cating Oil,  and  amongst  its  merits  are  the  following  :  Its  first 
cost  is  very  much  less  than  that  of  any  other  oil ;  all  the  gum 
in  the  oil  is  decomposed,  so  that  it  does  not  gum  or  clog  up 
the  journal  or  bearing;  it' keeps  all  journals  cool,  clean,  and 
bright  as  new,  so  that  they  do  not  wear  or  tear,  and  thus 
much  motive  power  is  saved ;  it  is  free  from  any  odor ;  it  has 
great  body,  and  so  wears  well,  and  thus,  by  its  durability,  it 
saves  oil. 

Conclusive  testimonials  as  to  these  have  been  furnished  to 
the  public  from  the  agents,  inspectors,  and  engineers  of  some 
of  the  most  extensive  Railroads,  Steamboats,  Saw-Mills,  Found- 
ries, «fec.;  and  to  the  Circular,  containing  these  interesting  and 
important  communications,  we  refer  the  many  who  are  interested. 
Wi-  have  no  doubt  its  extraordinary  merits  will  enable  it  to 
supersede  any  other  lubricating  oil,  and  to^be  a  great  saving 
to  all  who  shall  use  it. 


Within  the  brain's  most  secret  cells 
A  certain  lord-chief-justice  dwells, 
Of  sovereign  power,  whom,  one  and  all, 
"With  common  voice  we  Reason  call.  ,* 

•  CHUBCHILL. 

The  importation  and  manufacture  of  drugs  and  chemicals 
has  become  during  the  last  half  century  among  the  most 
important  and  lucrative  branches  of  business  in  America,  and 
therefore  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice. 

A  large  proportion  of  the  leading  drugs  used  in  the  United 
States,  are  the  products  of  foreign  countries,  and  must  be 
imported.  The  best  antimony  is  imported  from  Hungary  ; 
assafoetida  is  the  fetid  concrete  juice  of  a  plant  that  grows  in 
Persia ;  camphor  comes  from  the  East  Indies  and  Japan  ;  cassia 
from  China ;  jalap  is  a  Mexican  plant,  found  near  the  city  of 
Xalapa,  after  which  it  is  named  ;  the  best  opium  is  the  juice  of 
the  white  poppy,  that  grows  in  Turkey,  Egypt,  and  the  East 
Indies.;  hellebore  is  a  native  of  the  mountains  of  Switzerland 
and  Germany  ;  sarsaparilla  is  imported  from  South  America, 
Honduras,  and  Quito;  senna  and  scammony  from  Arabia;  the 
best  rhubarb  from  Asiatic  Turkey,  and  so  on  through  the  whole 
genus,  which  it  would  be  an  endless  task  to  particularize. 

-In  the  early  stage  of  the  drug  business,  these  articles  were 
solely  imported  by  different  merchants  trading  with  the  places 
where  the  various  drugs  were  produced  ;  but  nearly  a  century 
ago  the  drug  trade  was  made  a  specialty,  although  ^t  the 
present  day  a  large  portion  of  our  drugs  are  still  brought  into 
the  market  by  the  general  merchant,  or  consigned  to  a  com- 
mission house  to  sell  on  foreign  account.  These  goods  are 
generally  sold  through  the  drug  broker,  who  sells  the  article  as 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  17 

it  is,  and  it  requires  good  judgment  and  careful  examination  to 
buy  advantageously  in  this  matter,  as  many  of  the  imported 
drugs  and  chemicals  are  adulterated  by  unscrupulous  foreign 
manufacturers  expressly  for  this  market,  in  order  to  undersell 
the  honest  trade.  To  such  an  extent  was  this  adulteration 
carried  on  a  few  years  ago,  that  the  New  York  College  of 
Pharmacy  published  an  analysis  of  the  composition  of  some 
well-known  articles,  from  which,  by  way  of  example,  we  extract 
the  following: — "An  imported  blue  pill  contains  a  percentage 
of  mercury  from  ten  down  to  seven  and  a  half,  mixed  with 
blue  clay  and  Prussian  blue  to  give  the  proper  design  and 
color.  Its  composition,  according  to  Prof.  Reid,  is  mercury, 
earthy  clay,  Prussian  blue,  sand  in  combination  with  the  clay, 
soluble  saccharine  matters,  insoluble  organic  matter  and  water. 
Very  large  quantities  of  rhubarb  much  decayed,  the  better 
parts  of  which  are  dark  colored,  with  scarcely  any  taste  or 
smell,  having  probably  been  exhausted  to  make  extracts,  come 
from  England  at  very  low  prices.  It  is  intended  and  used  for 
powdering,  color  being  given  by  turmeric,  <kc.  Most  of  the 
foreign  extracts  are  not  what  they  profess  to  be,  and  cannot  be 
relied  upon  in  the  treatment  of  disease."  We  could  multiply 
these  examples  to  an  indefinite  extent,  but  the  above  will  be 
sufficient  to  show  the  extent  of  the  evil,  the  effectual  remedy  to 
which  can  only  be  found  in  the  improved  knowledge  and  culture 
of  the  buyers,  and  above  all  in  purchasing  at  fair  prices  from 
importers  of  known  integrity,  and  drug  houses  who  make  drugs, 
chemicals,  and  druggists'  articles  their  specialty. 

The  house  whose  name  heads  this  article,  Messrs.  Schieffelin 
Brothers  &  Co.,  William  street,  corner  of  Beekman,  New  York, 
is  one  of  the  oldest,  and,  we  believe,  the  leading  drug  importing 
house  in  the  United  States.  Established  for  three  generations, 
having  a  large  capital  and  great  experience,  this  firm  is  able  to 


18  THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

compete  on  the  one  hand  with  the  most  favored  in  the  markets 
of  Europe,  and  on  the  other  to  distribute  the  articles  of  their 
importation  through  wholesale  druggists  throughout  the  country. 
They  have  furthermore  the  advantage  of  having  experienced 
agents -located  in  the  drug-producing  countries,  whose  instruc- 
tions are  to  purchase  and  ship  direct  none  but  the  best  and 
purest  qualities.  Thus  as  they  sell  what  they  import  direct 
from  their  own  stores,  the  superiority  of  their  importations 
may  be  as  confidently  asserted  as  they  are  generally  acknow- 
ledged. 

To  give  a  better  idea  of  the  ramifications  of  the  trade  of  this 
house  throughout  the  globe,  we  subjoin  a  partial  list  of  the 
places  where  their  agents  are  located,  being  London,  Liverpool, 
Northampton,  Cork,  Glasgow,  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  Antwerp, 
Paris,  Lyons,  Marseilles,  Grasse,  Montpelier,  Nimes,  Dresden, 
Berlin,  Darmstadt,  Leghorn,  Genoa,  Penang,  Naples,  Trieste, 
Messina,  Smyrna,  Constantinople,  Alexandria,  Egypt,  St.  Peters- 
burg, Bombay,  Calcutta,  Singapore,  Penang,  Batavia,  Canton, 
Shanghai,  Manilla,  Qplombo,  and  various  places  in  South 
America.  Thus  laying  three  continents  under  contribution  for 
their  balms  to  heal  the  sick,  their  dye  stuffs  and  pigments  for 
the  mechanic  arts,  their  sp.ices  for  the  epicure,  and  their  thou- 
sand and  one  extracts  and  essences  for  all  conceivable  purposes. 

The  drug  trade  during  the  last  few  years  has  not  only  vastly 
increased,  but  has  also  undergone  a  vast  change  in  the  stock 
required  to  be  kept  on  hand.  Not  only  is  it  now  necessary  to 
keep  crude  drugs,  chemicals,  and  essential  oils,  but  a  perfect 
stock  must  comprise  these,  arid  also  medicine^,  essences,  extracts, 
oils,  paints,  dye  stuffs,  and  druggists'  wares;  and  still  more 
recently  another  branch  has  been  introduced,  that  of  keeping 
on  hand  foreign  and  domestic  perfumery,  toilet  articles,  India- 
.  fubber  goods,  instruments,  and  fancy  goods  generally,  of  all  of 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  19 

which  Messrs.  S.  B.  &  Co.  have  always  a  large  stock  on  hand, 
suitable  for  jobbers,  which  we  purpose  more  particularly  detail- 
ing in  the  following  brief  description  of  their  premises,  which 
we  had  the  privilege  of  inspecting  a  few  days  ago. 

The  building  has  a  frontage  on  William  street  of  eighty 
eight  feet,  running  back  on  Beekman  street  seventy-two  feet. 
It  is  six  stories  high,  with  basement  and  sub-cellar,  built  of 
pressed  brick  in  the  most  substantial  manner,  which  is  necessary 
to  enable  it  to  bear  the  immense  weight  nearly  always  con- 
tained in  it.  The  fourth,  fifth,  and  sixth  floors  are  crowded  with 
whole  packages  of  non-combustible  goods,  and  each  floor  has 
one  man  whose  special  business  it  is  to  attend  to  it,  to  receive 
and  deliver  goods  through  the  hatchways,  of  which  there  are 
two,  and  to  keep  them  in  proper  order,  by  which  means  every 
article  is  kept  in  its  place>  and  can  be  immediately  had  when 
wanted. 

The  third  floor  is  divided  into  two  parts ;  one  for  open  pack- 
ages, mortars,  glass,  slabs,  and  druggists'  ware.  The  other  is 
for  patent  medicines,  Shakers,  and  other  herbs,  and  such  like, 
each  under  the  charge  of  a  separate  .foreman,  one  of  whom  has 
been  with  the  firm  over  twenty-nine  years. 

The  second  story  is  used  for  putting  up  goods,  and  is  divided 
into  three  compartments  under  .one  superintendent.  The  first 
is  the  city  department,  for  putting  up  alt  orders  for  the  city 
retail  trade  ;  the  second  department  is  the  oil  and  liquid  room, 
where  all  goods  for  bottles  or  cans  are  put  up  ;  while  the  third 
is  used  for  tilling  country  orders.  This  floor  is  a  constant  scene 
of  activity,  yet  with  all  the  vast  amount  of  work  that  has  to  be 
done,  owing  to  the  admirable  system  which  prevails,  neither 
here  nor  in  any  other  part  of  the  house,  notwithstanding  there 
are  sixty  men  employed,  is  there  tire  slightest  bustle  or  con- 
fusion. Everything  moves  like  clock-work,  in  perfect  order. 


20  THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Descending  to  the  basement,  we  find  piles  of  dye  stuffs, 
gums,  &c.,  and  other  like  articles,  while  on  the  William  street 
front  is  situated  the  sponge  room,  containing  all  kinds  and 
qualities,  from  the  grass  sponge  of  the  Bahamas,  to  the  finer 
qualities  imported  from  Smyrna,  Turkey,  and  Trieste,  ranging 
from  seven  cents  to  forty  dollars  per  pound.  This  is  a  most 
valuable  stock,  and  it  is  believed  Messrs.  S.  B.  &  Co.  have  the 
largest  in  the  country.  Passing  from  here  under  the  sidewalk, 
which  is  lighted  by  means  of  the  patent  vault  ligh'ts,  our 
olfactories  give  notice  that  we  are  approaching  the  extracts  and 
essences,  which  are  ranged  in  a  series  of  strongly  built  vaults 
to  protect  them  from  heat,  where  are  also  kept  the  essential 
oils,  opium,  &c.  Turning  round  on  the  Beekman  street  side 
are  another  series  of  vaults  containing  all  the  combustible 
articles,  such  as  ether,  oil  of  vitriol,  and  other  acids,  none  of 
which  articles  are  ever  allowed  in  the  main  building. 

Descending  once  again  to  the  lowest  deep,  we  come  upon  a 
miscellaneous  assortment  of  heavy  articles,  such  as  soda,  salsera- 
tus,  salts,  &c.  Here  also  are  the  two  steam  engines  for  hoist- 
ing, and  heating  the  building,  the  boilers  supplying  the  steam 
being  under  the  sidewalk,  which  is  the  only  place  where  any 
fire  throughout  the  whole  building  is  allowed.  There  are 
also  another  range  of  vaults,  where  the  balance  of  inflammable 
or  explosive  article*  are  kept. 

We  now  come  to  the  first  floor,  which,  though  last,  is  not 
least.  Entering  from  the  corner,  you  come  into  a  spacious 
room,  on  the  left  of  which  are  a  series  of  desks  and  partitions 
appropriated  for  the  bookkeeper,  cashier,  and  assistants. 

In  the  centre  and  right  are  a  series  of  desks  occupied  by  the 
members  of  the  firm  and  the  buyers  and  salesmen  of  the  differ- 
ent departments,  whilst  at  the  end  is  an  office  devoted  for 
the  reception  of  customers  or  others  having  private  business 


•    THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  .        .2 

with  tlic  house.  Beyond  this,  separated  by  a  partition,  is  the 
shipping  room,  where  all  goods  are  received  and  shipped.  This 
room  extends  the  whole  width  of  the  building,  with  an  entrance 
on  Beekraan  street,  and  during  the  busy  season  is  a  scene  of 
incessant  activity.  On  the  other  side,  with  an  entrance  on 
William  street,  is  the  sample  room  and  fancy  goods  depart- 
ment. But  it  would  be  an  endless  task  to  enumerate  these. 
We  can  only  give  the  principal  headings : — Perfumery,  foreign 
and  domestic,  of  all  the  best  brands,  toilet  articles,  <fec. ;  brushes, 
artists'  marking,  painters',  pencil,  toilet,  &c.,  of  all  conceivable 
styles  and  qualities  ;  combs,  buff,  horn,  ivory,  India-rubber,  &c. ; 
instruments,  physicians'  articles,  trusses,  syringes,  &c. ;  India- 
rubber  goods  of  every  description ;  chemists'  and  druggists' 
pottery  and  glassware,  furniture  articles,  mortars,  &c. ;  druggists' 
sundries,  boxes,  bronzes,  flasks,  glaziers'  diamonds,  drug  mills 
and  tincture  presses,  inks,  mirrors,  tube  and  toy  paints,  pencils, 
pill  machines,  soda  water  appurtenances,  scales  and  weights, 
chamois,  split,  and  plaster  skins,  lint,  corks,  in  fact  every  article 
that  is  required  for  the  perfect  fitting  up  of  a  retail  drug  store. 

We  may  also  'mention  that  they  are  the  sole  agents  of 
Beranger's  French  Balances,  universally  admitted  to  be  the 
most  correct,  durable,  and  elegant  scales  yet  invented, 

This  imperfect  sketch  conveys  but  a  very  faint  idea  of  the 
magnitude  of  the  business  of  the  house,  but  the  facilities  they 
possess  for  buying  in  the  producing  countries,  joined  to  their 
large  capital  and  great  practical  knowledge,  give  them  advan- 
tages few  in  the  trade  have. 


A  machine  which  will  make  100,000  slate  pencils  a  day,  has- 
been  invented  by  a  Hartford,  Ct.,  mechanic. 


SAILER ATUS,    BI-CARB.     SODA,     CREAM     TARTAR, 
YEAST  POWDER. 


He  that  neglects  a  blessing,  though  he  want 
No  present  knowledge  how  to  use  it, 
Neglects  himselC 

BEAUMONT  AND  FLETCHER. 

ANDREWS  &  CO.,  136  &  138  CEDAR  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

There  is  nothing  like  a  spirit  of  enterprise  and  an  ac- 
commodating good  will,  to  secure  business 
and  prosperity.  They  always  procure  the 
best  of  friends,  and  while  the  slow,  careless, 
and  unamiable  man  is  left  behind,  the  active, 
persevering,  and 'courteous  one  distances  all 
competition. 

Mr.  Thomas  Andrews,  of  this  city,  is  a  case  in  point.  This 
gentleman's  career  has  been  characterized  by 
a  degree  of  prosperity  seldom,  if  ever,  attained 
by  one  so  young  in  years.  From  an  unu- 
sually low  station  in  life,  until  as  a  printer's 
boy  he  attained  his  first  education,  he  has 
gradually  advanced  in  mercantile  life,  through 
numberless  trials  and  difficulties,  by  strict 
probity,  self-denial,  and  economy,  until  he  stands  at  the  head  of 
a  new  and  important  branch  of  trade — the 
largest  of  its  kind  in  the  Union. 

Some  fourteen  years  since,  Mr.  Andrews 
originated  in  a  small  way,  the  supplying  of 
Wholesale  Grocers  with  Bi-Carb.  Soda,  Cream 
Tartar,  and  Sal  Soda,  which  articles  were  in 
light  demand  by  that  trade,  being  sold  almost 
exclusively  by  druggists.  This  succeeded,  and  he  originated 


EXCELSIOR 

CARBONATE 
SODA. 


TILE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 


and  introduced  for  another  firm  Salicratus  in  one  pound 
papers.  This  was  also  adopted  by  the  whole  trade,  and  became 
universal. 

Mr.  Andrews  then  pushed  out  on  his  own  account,  and  met 
with  the  most  unscrupulous  opposition  from 
those  whom  interest  arrayed  against  him,  and 
after  stemming  the  tide  for  eight  years  alone, 
associated  with  him  Mr.  George  F.  Gantz, 
whose  mercantile  education  was  acquired  in 
the  house  of  II.  M..  Schieffelin  &  Fowler. 
And  thus  the  firm  is  at  present  constituted. 
About  six  years  since  this  firm  erected  the 
Jersey  City  Chemical  works,  opposite  New 
York. 

These  were  constructed  for  the  manufacture 
of  Salaeratus,  Bi-Carb.  Soda  for  Refining  Ash, 
&c.,   at   a   cost  of  $35,000.     They   occupy 
seven  lots,   and  possess  facilities  for  refining  and   carbonizing 
thirty  tons  per  week,  which  is  the  ave- 
rage product  of  these  works. 

The  stores  and  office  of  this  house  in 
this  cjty  are  at  13G  and  138  Cedar 
street,  known  as  the  "  Excelsior"  Steam 
Mills,  where  an  extensive  business  is 
transacted.  Thomas  Andrews  &  Co. 
are  largely  engaged  in  the  importation 
and  jobbing  of  the  finest  grades  of  Bi- 
Carb.  Soda,  Cream  Tartar,  Soda  Ash, 
Sal  Soda,  Caustic  Soda,  <fec.  Of  Bi-Carb. 
Soda,  their  sales  have  reached  30,000  kegs  per  annum  ;  of  Sal 
Soda,  their  sales  average  25  tons  per  week;  and  of  Cream 
Tartar,  perfectly  pure,  their  sales  average  1,000  pounds  per 


*  SOAP, 
-POWDER. 
V  Go.lbs.  — 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 


day.  Of  the  article  of  Yeast  Powder,  they  dispose  of  over 
200,000  tins  per  annum.  This  "demand  speaks  for  itself,"  as 
their  goods  give  universal  satisfaction.  The  amount  of  cash 
capital  required  for  this  large  trade  is  over  $75,000,  while  the 
regular  sales  do  not  fall  short  of  half  a  million  of  dollars  annu- 
ally. This  much  can  be  said  of  this  house,  they  have  always 
studied  the  interest  of  their  jobbing  customers,  and  have  never 
interfered  with  retail  trade. 

The  following  comprises  the  lines  of  goods  sold  by  this 
firm : — 

"Golden    Rule,"   "Paragon,"   and  Excelsior   Salaeratus  (the 
Best  Dietetic),   Pure   Double  Refined,  and   Soda 
Salseratus,  the  various  qualities  of  which  are  put  up 
in  every  conceivable  style,  the  name  of  any  firm 
inserted  on  the  labels  and  boxes.     By  this  method 
jobbers  circulate  their  own  name  to  their  own  trade. 
Thomas  Andrews'  Excelsior  Yeast  Powder  has 
superseded   nearly   all   the    various    preparations 
intended  for  the  effectual  raising  of  bread,  biscutt,  &c.     It  is 
universally   admired,   and   is  perfectly  healthy 
and  dietetic. 

Bi-Carbonate     Soda,    the    best     Newcastle 
brands,  in  papers  or  boxes,  or  by  10  to  1,000 
kegs,  in  store  or  to  arrive.     Also  the  "  Frear's 
Goose,"   made   by   the   Jersey   City   Chemical 
Works,  sold  at  a  less  price  than  foreign,  and  warranted  to  give 
satisfaction. 

Perfectly  pure  Cream  Tartar,  prepared  under  the  personal 
supervision  of  the  firm.  No  impurity  in  this  valuable  article  is 
permitted.  For  medical  or  family  use,  the  Cream  Tartar  from 
this  house  is  unrivalled  in  its  reputation. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 


25 


This  firm  has  the  largest  stock  of  different  brands  .and  tests 

of  Soda  Ash,  Caustic  Soda, 
&c.  Agents  of  the  Perm. 
Salt  Co.  Concentrated  Lye, 
Soap  Powder,  Castile  Soap, 
Prepared  Pot  Ash,  Pot  and 
Pearl  Ashes,  Indigo,  Salt- 
petre, Tartaric  Acid,  Rice 
Flour,  <fec.  All  these  articles 
guaranteed. 

That  a   business    to   the 
extent  done   by  the  above 

firm   should  grow  out  of  nothing  but  good   judgment,  tact, 

and  perseverance, 
shows  what  can 
be  accomplished 
in  any  depart- 
ment of  trade, 
combined  with 
strict  integrity 
and  straightfor- 
ward dealing. 
Remember  the  house  of  Thomas  Andrews  and  Co.,  New  YorkT 
when  writing  out  your  order. 


CULTIVATED  WOMEN. — Sheridan  said,  beautifully,  "  Women 
govern  us ;  let  us  render  them  perfect.  The  more  they  are 
enlightened,  so  much  the  more  shall  we  be.  On  the  cultivation 
of  the  mind  of  women  depends  the  wisdom  of  men.  It  is  by 
women  that  nature  writes  on  the  hearts  of  men." 

2 


TIN  WARE. 

Let  not  one  look  of  fortune  cast  you  down ; 
She  were  not  fortune  if  she  did  not  frown : 
Such  as  do  braveliest  bear  scorns  awhile, 
Are  those  on  whom  at  last  she  most  will  smile. 

LORD  ORRERY. 

The  annexed  engraving  represents  J.  D.  Locke's  manufactory 
of  PLAIN,  JAPANNED,  STAMPED  and  PLANISHED  tin  ware.  The 
idea  of  an  establishment  for  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  tin 
ware  is  almost  invariably  associated  in  the  mind  of  the  general 
public  with  the  outside  display  of  a  number  of  articles  of  tin 
and  iron ;  a  few  broken  stoves  on  the  sidewalk ;  a  dingy,  dirty 
back  workshop,  containing  sundry  piles  of  metals,  a  quantity  of 
dirty  benches,  with  numerous  queer-looking  machines  and  tools 
lying  about  promiscuously,  finishing  off  with  a  sign  outside  of 
— ,  manufacturer  of  stoves,  tin-ware,  &c.,  with  a  P.  S., 
Jobbing  attended  to,  and  pots  and  kettles  to  mend.  Such  was 
formerly  the  appearance  of  many  of  the  trade ;  but  the  require- 
ments of  the  age  and  the  enterprise  of  our  manufacturers  have 
changed  all  this  now.  About  ten  or  twelve  years  ago  planished 
tin-ware  was  but  little  known  in  this  country  as  a  branch  of 
manufacture,  our  dealers  being  then  entirely  dependent  on  the 
European  market  for  their  supplies ;  at  present  we  can  manu- 
facture this  class  of  goods  equal  in  quality  and  fineness  of  finish 
to  the  English,  and  at  a  far  less  cost. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  extent  the  business  has  attained, 
we  will  give  a  few  statistics  connected  with  this  House.  Mr. 
J.  D.  Locke  has  been  about  thirty-four  years  in  the  business  ; 
some  eight  or  nine  years  ago  he  built  the  main  building,  at 
"Whitestone,  Long  Island,  since  which  he  has  been  making  con- 
tinual additions  to  it  to  meet  the  requirements  of  his  increased 


28  THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

trade,  and  as  the  results  of  his  enterprise,  system,  and  strict 
attention  to  business,  he  has  been  enabled  to  keep  his  whole 
force  of  workmen,  consisting  of  125  to  150  hands,  fully 
employed  all  the  past  winter,  and  during  the  present  dull  times. 
His  annual  consumption  of  tin  is  about  8000  boxes,  manufac- 
tured into  all  conceivable  articles  that  this  metal  can  be  used 
for ;  the  catalogue  of  these  contains  130  pages,  of  which  we 
propose  giving  a  synopsis. 

Twenty-five  pages  enumerate  fifty-three  different  articles  of 
japanned  tin-ware,  divided  into  hundreds  of  sizes  and  varieties. 
Fifteen  pages  are  devoted  to  the  description  of  forty-five 
articles  of  stamped  ware,  equally  diverse  in  size  and  shape  ; 
two  pages  to  lamp  trimmings,  and  two  to  the  varieties  of  tea- 
trays  and  waiters.  We  next  come  to  tin-ware  proper  occupy- 
ing twelve  pages,  enumerating  thirty  different  articles,  with 
almost  ten  times  thirty  different  varieties.  French-tinned 
goods  of  all  descriptions  occupy  four  pages  more.  Planished 
tin-ware  embraciijg  twenty-seven  different  articles  occupies 
twelve  pages;  while  tinmen's  tools  and  machines,  occupying 
thirteen  pages,  enumerate  everything  required  by  them  in  the 
business.  Of  these  latter  articles  the  manufacturer  in  this  cata- 
logue says  :  "  These  machines  are  made  of  the  best  materials 
that  can  be  obtained,  and  in  the  best  manner,  with  brass-wheels, 
top-plates,  and  boxes  with  all  the  present  improvements,  to 
which  will  be  added  every  real  improvement  that  can  be 
made."  The  remaining  forty  pages  of  the  catalogue  are  taken 
up  with  the  enumeration  of  the  immense  variety  of  articles 
comprised  under  the  headings  of,  hollow-ware,  housekeeping 
hardware,  silver-plated  ware,  Britannia  ware,  spoons,  rolled 
metal,  castors,  frames,  lamps  and  candlesticks,  ladles,  beer-mugs, 
spittoons,  &c.  &c. 

From  this  brief  resume  some  idea  of  the  present  extent  of 


THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  29 

this  business  may  be  formed,  and  those  interested  in  it  will 
readily  appreciate  the  labor  required  to  bring  it  to  such  perfec- 
tion. Mr.  J.  D.  Locke  has  removed  his  warehouse  from  the 
old  stand  in  Water  street  to  more  commodious  premises,  at 
No.  47  Cliff  street  (between  Beekman  and  Fulton),  New  York, 
where  dealers  will  find  as  complete  a  stock  as  capital,  enterprise, 
and  skill  can  produce,  to  be  purchased  on  as  advantageous  terms 
as  any  in  the  market. 


NOTHING  LIKE  LEATHER. — At  a  public  sale  of  books,  the 
auctioneer  put  up  Drew's  "  Essay  on  Souls,"  which  was  knocked 
down  to  a  shoemaker,  who  very  innocently,  but  to  the  great 
amusement  of  the  crowded  room,  asked  the  auctioneer  if  "  he 
had  any  more  works  on  shoemaking  to  sell." 


YOUNG'S  NIGHT  THOUGHTS. — "  The  title  of  my  poem,  Night 
Thoughts,"  says  Dr.  Young,  "  is  not  affected,  for  I  never  com- 
pose but  at  night,  except  sometimes  when  on  horseback." 


AN  exhibition  of  pictures  by  modern  artists  has  recently 
been  opened  in  Manchester,  England,  and  among  them  are  246 
works  by  French,  English,  and  German  artists  :  there  were  two  by 
Decamps,  the  celebrated  French  artist,  which  were  painted  just 
previous  to  his  death;  b,ut  there  are  no  American  names  mentioned 
among  the  artists  who  contribute  the  works  for  the  exhibition. 


Brave  men  bare  their  bosoms  to  their  enemies ;  fashionable 
women  to  friends  and  enemies  alike. 


PARKS. 

The  Battery,  fronting  the  harbor. 

The  City  Hall  Park. 

St.  John's  Park,  fronting  St.  John's  Church,  and  bounded 
by  Hudson,  Varick,  Beach,  and  Laight  streets. 

Washington  Square  is  bounded  by  Waverley  place,  M'Dougal, 
Fourth,  and  Wooster  streets. 

Torapkins  Square,  formerly  a  military  parade-ground,  is  on 
the  eastern  side  of  the  city,  and  is  bounded  by  avenues  A  and 
B,  and  by  6th  and  10th  streets. 

Union  Park  is  a  beautiful  oval  area,  at  the  head  of  Broad- 
way, bounded  by  University  place  (which  is  called  a  continua- 
tion of  Broadway,  at  the  Park),  the  4th  avenue,  and  14th  and 
17th  streets.  Adjoining  this  park  stands  the  Equestrian  Statue 
of  Washington. 

Stuyvesant  Square,  in  front  of  the  new  St.  George's  church, 
is  between  15th  and  17th  streets. 

Gramercy  Park,  bounded  by  20th  and  21st  streets,  and  lying 
between  Third  and  Fourth  avenues. 

Madison  Square,  bounded  by  Fifth  and  Madison  avenues,  and 
23d  and  26th  streets. 

Hamilton  Square,  between  the  Third  and  Fifth  avenues,  and 
68th  and  69th  streets. 

Bloomingdale  Square  is  between  the  Eighth  and  Ninth 
avenues,  and  53d  and  57th  streets. 

Manhattan  Square,  between  the  Eighth  and  Ninth  avenues, 
and  bounded  by  77th  and  81st  streets. 

Mount  Morris,  near  Harlem,  a  rocky  elevation  in  the  centre 
of  a  public  square,  between  120th  and  124th  streets,  and 
extending  on  each  side  of  the  Fifth  avenue. 

Central  Park,  bounded  by  Fifth  and  Eighth  avenues,  and 
59th  and  106th  streets. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  31 

High  Bridge,  173d  street,  eleven  miles  from  the  City  Hall. 
Croton  Reservoir,  bounded  by  79th  and  80th  streets,  and  the 
Gth  and  7th  avenues. 

New  Receiving  Reservoir,  located  within  the  Central  Park, 

O  .          ' 

fronting  on  5th  avenue,  extending  from  86th  to  96th  streets, 
and  contains  112  acres. 


RAILROAD  DEPOTS. 

Albany  and  intermediate  Places,  via  Hudson  river  railroad  ; 
Chambers  street,  c.  Hudson ;  Canal  street,  c.  West,  and  31st 
street,  n.  10th  avenue. 

Albany  and  Intermediate  Places,  via  Harlem  railroad  ;  26th 
street  and  4th  avenue,  and  Centre  c.  White  street. 

Boston,  Dunkirk,  and  the  West,  via  Erie  railroad,  foot  of 
Duane  street. 

Boston,  via  Fall  River;  steamboat  route  to  Fall  River, 
where  the  railroad  commences. 

Boston,  via  Stonington  antl  Providence  ;  steamboat  route, 
from  foot  of  Vestry  street  to  Allen's  Point,  n.  Norwich, 
thence  by  railroad. 

Boston,  via  New  Haven  and  Hartford  ;  27th  street  and  4th 
avenue. 

Easton  ;  by  ferry,  from  foot  of  Cortlandt  street  to  Jersey 
city,  where  the  railroad  commences. 

Greenpoint,  and  all  the  places  on  Long  Island,  from  South 
ferry,  Brooklyn. 

Newark,  I'utiTson,  and  Morristown  railroads,  foot  of  Cort- 
landt street. 

Philadelphia,  Washington,  and  all  southern  and  southwestern 


32  THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

places ;  foot  of  Cortlandt  street  ferry  to  Jersey  city,  thence  by 
railroad. 

Philadelphia,  via  South  Arnboy  ;  by  steamer  from  Battery 
to  South  Am  boy,  thence  by  railroad. 


CITY  RAILROADS. 

Harlem,  Fourth  Avenue  Railroad,  from  Astor  House  through 
Centre,  Grand,  Bowery,  4th  avenue,  to  East  27th  street. 

Second  Avenue  Railroad,  from  Peck  slip  through  Pearl, 
Chatham,  Bowery,  Grand,  Allen  streets,  1st  avenue,  East  23d 
street,  2d  avenue,  to  Harlem ;  returning,  through  2d  avenue, 
Chrystie,  Grand^  Bowery,  Chatham,  Oliver,  South  streets,  to 
Peck  slip. 

Third  Avenue  Railroad,  from  Astor  House  through  Park 
row,  Chatham,  Bowery,  3d  avenue  to  Harlem,  returning  same 
route. 

Sixth  Avenue  Railroad,  from  Barclay  street,  through  Church, 
Chambers,  West  Broadway,  Canal,  Varick,  Carmine  streets, 
6th  avenue,  to  West  44th  street,  returning  the  same  way. 

Eighth  Avenue  Railroad,  from  Barclay  street,  through 
Church,  Chambers,  West  Broadway,  Canal,  Hudson  streets,  8th 
avenue,  to  West  54th  street,  returning  the  same  route. 

jiSPFare  on  all  the  roads  through  the  city  5  cents.  On  2d 
and  3d  avenue  roads,  to  Harlem,  6  cents. 


OF  50,000  PERSONS  insured  in  the  London  (Eng.)  Accidental 
Death  Insurance  Company,  22  were  seriously  injured  by  falls 
on  street  slides  in  the  course  of  a  single  fortnight.  Three 
adults  are  suffering  with  broken  legs  and  two  with  severe  spinal 
injuries,  the  result  of  idle  boys  sliding  on  sidewalks. 


ROOFING. 

Labor  is  rest — from  the  sorrows  that  greet  us, 
Rest  from  all  petty  vexations  that  meet  us, 
Rest  from  sin-promptings  that  ever  entreat  us, 
Rest  from  world-syrens  that  lure  us  to  ill. 

MRS.  OSGOOD. 

The  rapid  increase  of  the  population  of  large  cities,  and  the 
still  more  incredible  increase  of  the  population,  by  immigration 
and  otherwise,  of  these  United  States,  has  formed  an  incentive 
for  our  people  to  exercise  their  inventive  genius  in  supplying 
this  increase  with  the  necessary  food,  clothing,  and  habitations, 
by  means  of  improved  machinery  and  inventions  suitable  to 
meet  the  increased  wants  as  fast  as  they  arise.  Amongst  these 
new  inventions  must  be  classed,  as  a  very  important  item,  the 
article  of  roofing.  Shingle  roofs  were  amongst  the  first  used  ; 
earthen  tiles  may  be  classed  next,  and  then  siate  and  tin  ;  after 
which,  as  a  modern  invention,  comes  the  gravel  roof.  Now  all 
these  roofs  were,  and  are  still,  useful  in  their  way,  but  they  none 
of  them  combine  all  the  qualities  requisite  in  a  roof,  the  three 
most  important  of  which  are,  first,  to  be  perfectly  fire  and  water- 
proof; secondly,  not  to  be  liable  to  injury  from  either  heat  or 
cold ;  thirdly,  to  be  economic  in  cost ;  and,  lastly,  to  be  dura- 
ble and  easily  adapted  to  all  kinds  of  roofs.  It  was  reserved 
for  this  generation  to  discover  the  means  of  combining  all 
these  objects  in  one. 

Some  four  years  ago  Messrs.  JOHNS  &  CROSLEY,  then  of  Brook- 
lyn, afterwards  of  510  Broadway,  since  removed,  and  at  pre- 
sent at  78  William  street,  New  York,  discovered  the  means  of 
forming  a  roof  for  any  kind  of  building  that  should  be  fire- 
proof, water-proof,  time-proof,  light,  economic,  and  easily  put  on 
by  any  mechanic.  It  is  essentially,  as  its  name  implies,  a 

2* 


34  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Gutta-Percha  Cement  Roofing,  being  composed  of  gutta-percha 
and  india-rubber,  combined  together  with  various  other  ingre- 
dients, forming  a  chemical  combination  unequalled  by  any  arti- 
cle for  similar  purposes  ever  produced.  This  Gutta-Percha 
Cement — in  liquid  form — has  been  proved  to  be  the  cheap- 
est and  most  durable  coating  for  metals  of  all  kinds  of  any 
paint  or  composition  in  use,  and  for  Tin  and  Metal  Roofs 
of  all  kinds  it  is  invaluable.  At  first  the  public  were  incre- 
dulous as  to  its  qualities,  as  they  generally  are  of  most  new 
inventions;  but  by  degrees  their  prejudice  wore  away,  as 
they  began  to  experience  the  benefit  of  it  by  actual  trial, 
until  at  the  present  time  it  is  recognised  as  an  indispensa- 
bility  ;  and  as  a  further  proof  of  the  favor  it  has  attained,  we 
may  mention  that  they  have  applied  it  to  over  three  thousand 
buildings  of  various  kinds  in  this  city  and  vicinity  alone,  and 
are  also  constantly  receiving  orders  for  it  from  all  parts  of  the 
United  States,  the  Canadas,  the  West  Indies,  and  South  Ame- 
rica, whilst  thousands  of  dollars'  worth  of  property  have  been 
saved  by  its  fire-proof  qualities.  So  steadily  and  constantly  has 
the  demand  been  increasing  that  they  have  been  compelled  to 
enlarge  their  factory  in  Brooklyn  three  several  times,  until  at 
the  present  moment  it  covers  over  two  acres  of  ground,  and 
Messrs.  Johns  &  Crosley  are  now  reaping  the  benefit  of  the 
invention  which  cost  them  so  much  time  and  labor  to  perfect. 

The  Roofing  consists  of  a  Water-Proof  Roofing  Cloth,  com- 
bined with  a  first  quality  Roofing  Felt,  saturated  with  a  compo- 
sition of  Gutta-Percha  and  India-Rubber,  which  not  only  pre- 
serves the  cloth,  but  renders  it  in  the  highest  degree  elastic,  so 
that  shrinking  of  new  roof  boards  will  not  injure  it.  This  is  to 
be  nailed  to  roof  boards,  or  directly  to  old  shingle  roofs,  and 
then  coated  and  finished  with  the  Gutta-Percha  Cement  (a  suf- 
ficient quantity  of  which  is  always  sent  with  the  cloth  to  finish 
the  roof),  and  sanded  as  per  directions ;  thus  giving  a  surface  of 


THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK.  35 

stone  and  at  the  same  time  an  elastic  body.  This  material 
forms  a  perfectly  water-tight  roof  as  soon  as  applied,  which  is 
not  the  case  with  the  generality  of  composition  roofs,  it  being 
necessary  with  them  to  apply  two  or  three  t;oats  of  paint,  and 
wait  four  or  five  days  for  each  coat  to  dry,  thus  occasioning  a 
great  loss' of  tirnoj  and  unnecessary  labor  and  expense. 

The  Roofing  is  furnished  complete,  and  prepared  ready  for 
use  (with  full  printed  instructions  for  application),  to  those  who 
wish  to  apply  it  themselves  for  about  one-third  the  price  of  tin. 

The  expense  of  applying  it  is  trifling,  as  an  ordinary  roof  can 
be  covered  and  finished  tjie  same  day. 

•  Such  is  a  slight  description  and  review  of  the  qualities  of  this 
improved  roofing  material.  Should  any  party  desire  further 
information  respecting  it,  Messrs.  Johns  &  Crosley  will  gladly 
furnish  it  on  application  at  their  store,  78  William  street,  where 
they  also  will  be  happy  to  show  the  numerous  testimonials  they 
have  received  from  the  various  parties  who  have  this  roofing 
now  in  use. 

Messrs.  Johns  &  Crosley  are  also  sole  manufacturers  of  the 
AMERICAN  CEMENT  GLUE,  a  most  ^useful  article,  and  the  only 
glue  ever  manufactured  that  will  withstand  water,  for  cement- 
ing wood,  glass,  ivory,  leather,  china,  marble,  porcelain,  alabaster, 
bone,  coral,  &c.,  &c.  It  is  highly  spoken  of  by  families  using  it. 

Everybody  knows  the  comfort  of  a  spring,  bed.  Messrs. 
Johns  &  Crosley  have  the  agency  of  Ulmcr's  Patent  Spring 
Bed  Bottom,  one  of  the  most  ingenious  and  cheapest  luxuries 
of  the  age.  It  was  patented  in  October,  1859,  and  is  much 
appreciated  by  those  using  it  for  its  <jn;ilifications,  amongst 
which  may  be  classed  the  following  : 

First.  It  is  simple,  and  easily  understood. 

Secoi/J.  Any  person  can  put  them  up,  it  being  only  neces- 
sary to  saw  the  end  strip  the  necessary  length,  and  screw  it  to 
the  bedstead. 


36  THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Third.  For  comfort,  ease,  and  elasticity  it  is  not  excelled  by 
any  other  bed  bottom. 

Fourth.  Not  easily  getting  out  of  repair,  it  is  durable,  and 
•will  last  a  lifetime/ 

Fifth.  It  will  fit  any  bedstead,  by  merely  adjusting  the  ends 
of  the  slats  and  end  strips — a  frame  not  being  necessary. 

Sixth.  You  can  arrange  the  head  so  that  it  will  be  higher 
than  the  foot ;  and  when  in  use  it  is  perfectly  noiseless. 

Seventh.  Once  on,  vermin  will  not  live  in  them,  the  vulcan- 
ized rubber  driving  them  away. 

Eighth.  Only  one  mattress  is  necessary. 

Ninth.  They  are  the  cheapest  bed  bottom  in  the  market, 
being  sold  from  Three  Dollars  and  Fifty  Cents  to  Five  Dollars. 

Tenth.  By  reason  of  these  facts  they  are  a  commercial  arti- 
cle. They  are  packed  in  such  a  small  compass,  and  cost  so  little 
for  freight,  that  they  can  become  an  article  of  trade. 

Messrs.  Johns  &  Crosley  are  now  prepared  to  establish  agen- 
cies for  the  sale  of  this  patent  all  over  the  United  States  and 
Canadas,  and  invite  country  merchants  to  call*  on  them  and 
inspect  it  at  their  warehouse,  78  William  street,  New  York. 


IT  is  well  known  that  several  species  of  fish  may  be  frozen 
quite  stiff,  carried  several  miles,  and  when  put  into  cold 
water  they  will  revive.  Several  artificial  ponds  have  been 
stocked  with  fish  carried  from  a  distance  in  a  frozen  state ;  and 
yet  it  is  stated  that  the  celebrated  Dr.  John  Hunter,  having 
tried  several  experiments  to  restore  frozen  fish,  always  failed  to 
do  so.  A  recent  French  experimenter  in  this  line  states  that  he 
has  discovered  the  reason  of  this,  lie  asserts  that  the  tissues 
of  fish  .and  frogs  may  be  frozen  and  the  creatures  may  be  restored 
to  activity,  but  if  their  hearts  become  ice-chilled  they  never  can 
be  reanimated. 


BILLIARDS. 


What  is  title  ?  what  ia  treasure  ? 

What  is  reputation's  care  ? 
If  we  lead  a  life  of  pleasure, 

'Tis  no  matter  how  or  where. 


BURNS. 


Throughout  the  entire  range  of  elegant  amusements  there  is 
none  which,  in  the  average  of  general  excellence  and  the  num- 
ber of  faculties  both  physical  and  mental  which  it  calls  into 
play,  can  compete  with  the  game  of  billiards.  That  amuse- 
ment is  certainly  the  best,  the  most  pleasurable,  which  occupies, 
that  is  to  say  amuses,  the  greatest  number  of  organs  and  facul- 
ties at  one  time,  to  a  point  which 
fully  exercises  without  straining 
or  fatiguing  them.  As  a  practical 
illustration  of  our  assertion,  let  us 
consider  certain  popular  amuse- 
ments and  the  relative  play  they 
give  to  the  various  portions  of  the 
player's  organization.  The  game 
of  ten-pins,  for  instance,  calls  into  requisition  the  physical  quali- 
ties merely,  and  even  then  not  all  of  them.  Quoits  are  on  a 
par  with  ten-pins.  Both  of  these  games  soon '  cease  to  be 
amusing,  for  neither  of  them  supplies  amusement  for  the  men- 
tal faculties ;  and  as  these  faculties,  in  a  man  of  properly  deve- 
loped intellect,  are  the  most  imperative  in  their  demands  for 
occupation  or  entertainment,  the  game  which  ignores  them 
ceases  any  longer  to  be  amusing  when  the  need  of  physical 
exercise  is  no  longer  pressing,  and  the  stimulus  of  a  mental 
direction  is  lacking. 

The  game  of  billiards  requires  the  lively,  continuous,  and 


38  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

intelligent  exercise  of  the  various  groups  of  intellectual  organs, 
and  a  promptness,  decision,  vivacity,  and  steadiness  in  the  phy- 
sical machinery  to  carry  out  the  conceptions  of  the  mind.  The 
intellect  is  kept  in  healthy  exercise  by  the  continual  demand 
upon  it  for  rapid  combinations  to  meet  the  various  exigencies 
caused,  by  the  ever  changing  and  ever  new  positions  of  the 
balfe.  The  eye  is  kept  continually  at  work,  rapidly  estimating 
distances,  taking  points,  and  describing  angles,  and  enabling  the 
mind  to  judge  the  momentum  necessary  to  be  applied  to  the 
ball  for  the  production  of  desired  results.  The  arm  must  in- 
stinctively recognise  what  the  mind  requires  of  it,  and  rapidly 
and  exactly  execute  it.  All  the' faculties  are  kept  in  continuous 
play  ;  every  muscle  has  its  share  in  the  game.  The  left  hand 
has  its  office  to  perform  as  well  as  the  right ;  the  dorsal  column 
is  extended,  ployed,  curved ;  the  legs  have  their  full  share  of 
work.  Billiards,  then,  exercising  as  it  does,  to  a  higher  average 
degree  than  any  amusement  yet  invented,  both  the  mental  and 
physical  qualities  of  our  organization,  combining  the  intellectual 
and  the  material  in  the  relative  ratio  which  they  should  hold  to 
each  other  in  a  well  balanced  organization,  is,  in  our  opinion, 
the  first  of  amusements — the  amusement  most  befitting  "a  well 
balanced  organization,"  that  is,  a  complete  man. 

The  game  of  billiards,  according  to  all  historical  probabilities, 
is  of  French  origin,  but  in  no  country  in  the  world  is  it  played 
to  the  same  extent  as  in  the  United  States.  In  fact,  so  univer- 
sal has  it  become  among  us  that  it  may  now  be  called,  par  ex- 
cellence, the  American  national  amusement.  Its  peculiar  excel- 
lences, its  happy  combination  of  the  scientific  and  the  mecha- 
nical, the  contemplative  and  the  constructive,  especially  recom- 
mend it  to  the  particular  idiosyncrasy  of  the  American.  It  is 
a  remarkable  fact  that  while  we  probably  owe  the  invention  to 
France,  and  the  vast  improvements  in  the  machinery  of  the 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  39 

game  are  of  American  origin,  England  has  made  no  contribu- 
tion to  its  furtherance  of  perfection  in  any  way,  and  billiards  is 
still  played  in  the  latter  country  in  the  same  plodding  way  in 
which  it  was  played  by  fine  old  English  gentlemen  some  sixty 
years  ago.  The  machinery  of  the  game  has  reached  its  highest 
degree  of  perfection  in  this  country.  It  was  completely  revolu- 
tionized some  seven  years  since  by  MICHAEL  PHELAN'S  admira- 
ble invention — the  combination  cushion,  and  the  various  im- 
provements in  shape,  style,  &c.,  since  made  by  that  gentleman, 
to  whom  all  lovers  of  scientific  billiards  owe  a  debt  of  lasting 
gratitude.  These  cushions,  which  have  been  patented  and  uni- 
versally adopted  in  this  country,  and  for  which  a  patent  has 
also  been  granted  by  the  French  government,  at  once  obviated 
all  the  inconveniences  of  the  old  style  cushions,  their  incorrect- 
ness of  angle,  their  liability  to  variation  from  atmospheric 
changes,  <fec.,  and  made  billiards  almost  an  exact  science.  Mr. 
PHELAN  not  only  effected  a  material  revolution  in  billiards ;  he 
accomplished  their  moral  and  social  elevation.  He  convinced 
the  public  that  billiards  was  not  a  game  for  loafers  or  black- 
legs, but  for  ladies  and  gentlemen  ;  £nd  it  is,  in  the  main,  to  his 
exertions  the  fact  is  due  that  the  billiard  table  has  now  become 
a  domestic  institution,  and  billiards  the  favorite  amusement  of 
the  cultivated  of  both  sexes. 

PUELAN'S  Model  Table,  with  Combination  Cushions,  is  manu- 
factured solely  by  Messrs.  PHELAN  &  COLLENDER,  at  their 
extensive  manufactory,  63,  65,  and  67  Crosby  street.  The  manu- 
factory is  by  far  the  most  extensive  and  complete  establishment 
of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  is  five  stories  in  height,  seventy- 
five  feet  front,  and  one  hundred  feet  deep.  From  roof  to  foun- 
dation, every  portion  of  the  immense  building  is  occupied  with 
the  various  operations  connected  with  the  diverse  articles  of 
billiard  manufacture.  Every  operation  is  performed  by  the 


40  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

newest  inventions  in  machinery,  worked  by  a  steam-engine  of 
twenty-six  horse  power,  built  expressly  for  the  firm.  The  base- 
ment, which  is  well  adapted  to  the  purpose,  is  used  exclusively 
for  marble  work.  Here  the  beds  for  tables  are  formed  and 
polished.  The  first  or  main  floor  is  the  exhibition  and  sales- 
room, where  at  all  times  may  be  found  a  great  variety  of  tables 
finished  in  various  styles,  which,  in  point  of  exquisite  beauty  of 
workmanship,  cannot  be  equalled.  Connecting  with  this  floor 
also  are  two  offices,  both  of  which  are  neatly  furnished  and 
tastefully  arranged.  The  second  floor  is  the  fitting  room,  where 
the  various  parts  of  the  tables  are  put  together.  Above  this  is 
the  machinery  room,  where  can  be  seen  a  large  amount  of  use- 
ful and  valuable  machinery,  such  as  planing,  sawing,  tenoning, 
mortising,  and  moulding  machines.  The  fourth  floor  is  the 
veneering  room,  provided  with  a  steam  apparatus  for  veneering. 
The  fifth  floor  is  the  varnishing  and  finishing  room.  Connecting 
.  with  the  principal  workshops  are  adjoining  rooms,  used  for  such 
purposes  as  painting,  making  cushions,  &c.  The  establishment 
throughout  is  complete  in  every  respect,  affording  the  proprie- 
tors every  opportunity  for  the  manufacture  of  tables  on  the  most 
extensive  scale. 

All  the  various  articles  of  billiard  machinery  are  to  be  found 
at  the  Phelan  Factory.  Among  the  novelties  lately  introduced 
by  Messrs.  PHELAN  &  COLLENDER  are  the  Self-adhesive  Cue 
Leathers,  prepared  so  that  they  can  be  put  on  the  cue  as  easily 
as  a  postage-stamp  on  a  letter,  dispensing  with  screws,  glue,  or 
cue- wax. 


THE  way  to  render  amusements  innocuous  is  not  by  violent 
prohibition  of  them,  but  by  surrounding  them  with  such  chasten- 
ing and  refining  influences  that  they  shall  lose  all  tendency  to  evil. 


SHIP  BREAD  AND  CRACKERS. 

Let  us  then  be  up  and  doing,  '    . 

With  a  heart  for  every  fate ; 
Still  achieving,  still  pursuing, 

Learn  to  labor  and  to  wait. 

LONGFELLOW. 

HOW  OUR  SOLDIERS  AND  SAILORS  ARE  FED. 

Everybody,  we  expect,  has  often  noticed  in  passing  through 
the  streets  of  our  cities  the  signs  of  "  Ship  Bread  and  Cracker 
Bakeries,"  but  few,  we  doubt,  have  ever  had  the  curiosity  to 
inspect  the  interior  of  them,  nor  have  the  large  majority  a 
very  clear  idea  of  the  amount  of  ingenious  machinery  employed 
in  this  important  branch  of  industry ;  and  we  might  go  even 
farther  and  say,  that  to  most  it  will  be  news  to  learn  that 
nearly  the  whole  of  the  vast  quantity  of  bread  required  for 
our  Army,  Navy,  Volunteers,  and  mercantile  marine,  is  made 
almost  entirely  by_  machinery,  little  or  no  manipulation  being 
required  in  its  manufacture,  and  that  little,  merely  as  guides  and 
aids  to  the  machinery. 

We  recently  had  the  pleasure  of  inspecting  one  of  the  largest 
establishments  of  the  kind  in  JNew  York,  or  in  fact  in  the  coun- 
try, which  we  propose  in  the  present  article  describing,  prefac- 
ing it,  however,  with  a  slight  review  of  the  early  history  of  the 
House,  for  although  a  business  of  colossal  magnitude  a£  the 
present  day,  it  was  not  so  in  its  earlier  stages. 

Ephraim  Treadwell's  Sons  is  the  present  title  of  the  firm  ;  the 
partners  being  Win.  E.  Treadwell,  Wm.  Hustace,  and  Chas.  J. 
Harris.  The  father  of  W.E.T— ,  Ephraim  Tread  well,  founded  the 
establishment  in  1820,  in  Dey  street,  between  Greenwich  and 
Washington  streets.  At  that  time  the  business,  being  small* 


42  THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 

consuming  but  about  five  barrels  of  flour  daily,  the  work  was 
then  altogether  done  by  hand  labor.  Several  machinists  at 
this  period  turned  iheir  attention  to  the  invention  of  machinery 
for  the  use  of  cracker  bakers,  and  E.  T.  was  among  the  first  to 
encourage  the  introduction  of  the  then  novelty.  Any  new 
machine  that  promised  to  save  labor  and  to  attain  the  desired 
end,  was  always  carefully  investigated,  and  if  the  trial  proved 
satisfactory,  was  certainly  adopted  by  him.  In  this  way,  by 
constantly  studying  all  the  new  inventions  that  came  under  his 
notice,  and  being  naturally  of  a  mechanical  turn  of  mind,  he 
by  degrees  invented  several  valuable  improvements,  amongst 
•which,  as  the  most  important  and  useful,  may 'be  mentioned  an 
improvement  in  the  cutting  machine,  and  two  more  valuable 
ones  in  the  arrangement  of  ovens,  one  of  which,  patented  in 
1853,  the  present  firm  has  now  in  use.  In  1829  they  removed 
to  the  corner  of  Warren  and  Washington  streets,  where  they 
still  continue  manufacturing  at  this  establishment  the  finer 
qualities  of  crackers,  such  as  Sugar,  Boston,  Oyster,  and  Water 
crackers,  and  Soda,  Milk,  Wine,  Maple,  Extra  Butter,  and  Aber- 
nethy  biscuits.  It  was  here  that  steam  power  was  first  intro- 
duced into  the  business,  the  new  motor  and  increased  power 
being  required  to  supply  the  demand  which  had  increased  from 
the  daily  consumption  of  five  barrels  of  flour  in  1820  to  fifty 
barrels  in  1840.  In  June,  1853,  they  had  again  to  look  for 
further  facilities  to  enable  them  to  fill  their  orders,  and  engaged 
the  premises  No.  244  Front  street,  where  they  now  manufacture 
the  largest  part  of  the  ship  bread  and  crackers,  such  as  are 
required  for  the  use  of  the  army,  navy,  and  mercantile  marine. 
This  increase  has  probably  given  them  larger  manufacturing 
facilities  than  any  other  establishment,  as  they  are  now  using 
in  their  two  factories  about  two  hundred  barrels  of  flour  daily. 
Two  hundred  barrels  of  flour,  each  containing  one  hundred  and 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  43 

ninety-six  Ibs.,  to  be  made  up  into  crackers  and  biscuits  of  all 
conceivable  shapes,  forms,  and  sizes  in  one  day !  We  confess  to 
know  little  or  nothing  of  the  mysteries  of  the  culinary,  confec- 
tionery, or  bakery  arts  and  sciences,  but  we  have  a  pretty  vivid 
recollection  of  having  at  times  seen  a  few  pounds  of  flour  con- 
verted into  bread,  cakes,  pies,  puddings,  etc.,  all  of  which  took 
a  long  time  to  perform ;  and  judging  from  our  experience  in 
this  respect,  we  could  scarcely  realize  how  the  said  two  hundred 
barrels  of  thirty-nine  thousand  two  hundred  Ibs.  of  flour  could  be 
converted  into  good  wholesome  bread  in  twelve  hours,  but  we 
have  now  seen  it  all,  and  will  try  to  describe  the  process  for  the 
benefit  of  those  who  may  not  have  been  as  fortunate.  As  an 
illustration,  let  us  take  the  ship  bread  establishment  at  244 
Front  street.  This  building  is  five  stories  high,  about  twenty- 
seven  feet  front,  and  ninety  feet  deep,  and  has  been  constructed 
expressly  for  the  purpose  of  the  business.  All  the  fire  required 
for  the  boilers  and  ovens,  or  heating  purposes,  is  in  the  basement, 
and  to  prevent  any  possibility  of  danger  from  this  source,  the 
floor  and  ceiling  covering  it  is  composed  of  iron  girders  arched 
in  with  brick  covered  with  cement  and  then  planked,  forming 
a  compact  fire-proof  flooring.  Passing  from  the  front  to  the 
'  rear  of  the  first  floor,  we  come  to  the  mixing  room,  on  either 
side  of  which  are  two  immense  troughs,  in  which  the  ingredients 
are  poured  for  forming  the  dough.  Here  a  skilful  workman  is 
required — it  being  most  essential  to  have  the  dough  the  exact 
consistency  ;  when  this  is  attained  it  is  passed  up  an  inclined 
plane  into  a  box,  where  some  very  beautiful  machinery  thoroughly 
kn%ads  it  and  passes  it  through  a  receiver  to  the  floor  below  ; 
the  mass  then  passes  through  a  pair  of  rollers  and  comes  out  a 
thick  sheet  of  dough  ;  from  here  it  is  carried  by  hand  to  another 
set  of  rollers  gauged  to  flatten  it  to  the  exact  thickness  required ; 
these  rollers  deliver  a  continued  sheet  of  dough  about  eighteen 


44  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

inches  in  width  on  to  a  revolving  band  which  carries  it  forward  to 
the  cutting  machine,  but  previous  to  getting  there  it  requires  a 
little  dry  flour  which  the  machine  dredges  over  it  on  its  passage, 
and  that  it  may  be  perfectly  distributed,  a  set  of  brushes  are 
made  to  revolve  back  and  forth  over  it.  The  cutting  machinery 
contains  the  dies  that  mark,  shape,  and  cut  the  crackers  the 
required  form,  rising  and  falling  at  the  same  speed  as  the  dough 
progresses,  and  at  each  motion  cutting,  marking,  and  shaping 
from  twelve  to  twenty  crackers.  In  the  case  of  round  crackers  or 
ship  bread,  the  surplus  dough  is  gathered  up  by  a  boy  as  it  passes 
to  the  end  of  the  revolving  band,  where  the  bread  is  dexterously 
caught  on  a  board  and  carried  to  the  oven.  So*  rapidly  are  all 
these  operations  performed  that  it  requires  one  man's  constant 
attention  to  catch  and  remove  the  bread  to  the  oven,  a  distance 
of  only  some  few  feet. 

The  oven  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  and  ingenious  pieces  of 
mechanism  ever  invented.  The  external  structure  is  of  brick- 
work, forty-two  feet  long,  twelve  feet  wide,  and  ten  feet  high. 
The  heat  is  applied  by  means  of  hot  air  flues,  of  which  there 
are  sixteen,  and  this  heat  is  furnished  by  two  furnaces  in  the 
front  of  the  oven  :  the  first  furnace  supplies  the  eight  flues 
which  run  at  the  lower  part  of  the  oven,  and  the  second  one 
the  eight  in  the  upper  part ;  by  this  arrangement  the  same 
heat  is  applied  to  the  upper  as  to  the  lower  part  of  the  bread 
to  be  baked,  thus  insuring  an  evenness  of  baking  on  both 
sides. 

What  is  generally  understood  as  the  bottom  of  the  oven 
when  stationary,  but  what  in  this  case  is  known  as  the  bakteg 
surface,  consists  of  an  endless  perforated  wire-band  extending 
the  whole  width  and  length  of  the  oven,  and  then  passing  over 
cylinders  which  are  kept  revolving  by  steam  power.  There  is 
an  entrance  at  one  end  of  the  oven  in  which  the  bread  is  placed, 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  45 

and  it  requires  one  man  to  be  very  active  to  keep  it  supplied  ; 
it  then  passes  slowly,  the  speed  being  regulated  according  to 
the  requirements  of  the  style  of  bread  being  baked,  to  the  other 
end  of  the  oven,  where  stands  the  foreman  of  the  establishment 
with  a  monstrous  rake  drawing  it  from  the  oven  into  large 
baskets  as  fast  as  it  arrives.  The  foreman  is  stationed  here,  as  it 
requires  a  man  of  experience  to  know  when  the  bread  is  just 
perfectly  baked,  and  by  means  of  wires  attached  to  some  very 
delicate  machinery,  he  can  in  a  moment  regulate  the  speed  of 
the  oven  to  the  greatest  nicety.  The  bread  is  now  finished, 
and  the  reader  can  imagine  how  quickly,  when  we  tell  him 
many  barrels  have  been  made  while  we  have  been  noting  down 
these  items.  But  to  illustrate  it  more  thoroughly,  it  requires 
about  ten  minutes  to  roll  a  barrel  of  flour  off  the  side-walk,  mix 
it,  knead  it,  roll  it,  cut  it,  shape  it,  bake  it,  and  pack  it,  and 
then  turn  it  out  as  a  barrel  of  crackers.  Such  is  one  of  the 
benefits  of  steam. 

After  the  crackers  have  arrived  at  this  stage,  many  would 
suppose  that  they  were  finished  ;  but  such  is  not  the  case. 
From  the  basement  the  baskets  are  passed  by  means  of  steam- 
elevators  to  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  floors,  where  the  contents 
are  spread  on  the  floor  the  whole  length  and  breadth  of  the 
building,  to  the  depth  of  six  or  eight  inches,  presenting  a  pecu- 
liar appearance  to  the  unaccustomed  eye,  and  are  there  left 
till  thoroughly  dry,  as  without  this  precaution  they  would  not 
keep  when  packed.  From  these  floors  men  are  constantly 
employed  packing  and  preparing  them  for  transportation.  The 
packing  process,  simple  as  it  may  seem  to  some,  requires  consi- 
derable practice  to  be  expert  at.  The  men,  seated  with  piles  of 
crackers  on  either  side  and  the  barrel  placed  horizontally  before 
them,  seize  and  pack  with  incredible  rapidity,  in  layers,  each 
oracker  separately.  This  house  manufactures  a  large  amount 


46  THE   UNION  SKETCH-BOOK. 

of  ship  biscuit  for  the  use  of  the  British  troops  and  sailors  sta- 
tioned or  calling  at  the  British  West  India  Islands.  All  this 
bread  is  packed  in  bags,  being  the  usual  manner  of  packing  in 
England ;  but  the  quality  made  here  is  better,  and  the  price 
lower  than  it  can  be  obtained  for,  from  that  country,  hence  the 
trade  tha£  has  sprung  up  here.  Besides  exporting  the  soldiers' 
bread,  the  residents  of  Barbadoes  and  other  West  India  Islands 
highly  esteem  some  of  our  finer  kind  of  crackers,  and  a  large 
trade  is  carried  on  by  the  firm  in  this  branch  of  the  business. 

At  their  capacious  double  store  in  Warren  and  Washington 
streets,  as  before  mentioned,  the  finer  kind  of  domestic  crackers 
and  biscuits  are  manufactured,  but  the  difference  of  manufac- 
ture simply  consists  in  the  mixture  of  the  ingredients,  the  same 
kind  of  machinery  and  the  same  kind  of  oven  is  employed, 
while  the  same  never-ceasing  activity  is  displayed ;  each  employee 
having  to  be  very  active  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  ever-rest- 
less steam  horse.  It  will  not  be  necessary,  therefore,  to  enter 
into  a  detail  of  the  premises,  but  simply  to  mark  the  peculiar 
features,  one  of  which  is,  that  owing  to  its  larger  area  there  is 
generally  stored  here  a  vast  amount  of  flour  for  consumption, 
and  a  quantity  of  bread  to  supply  customers ;  but  at  the  present 
moment,  although  the  flour  department  is  tolerably  full,  the 
bread  department,  owing  to  the  large  increased  demand,  pre- 
sents simply  "  a  beggarly  account  of  empty  barrels"  waiting  to 
be  filled.  In  the  house  on  Washington  street,  in  a  small  room 
by  themselves,  are  piled  up  a  number  of  barrels  containing 
what  is  technically  called  sweepings  ;  they  comprise  the  broken 
crackers,  cracker  dust,  and  such  like,  and  are  sold  at  cheap 
rates  to  farmers  for  feeding  pigs  and  fowls,  and  are  eagerly 
bought ;  thus  nothing  in  this  vast  establishment  is  lost,  but  all 
is  made  subservient  to  man's  use. 

Such  is  a  very  imperfect  illustration  of  the  cracker  bakery 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  47 

business,  but  it  may  give  an  idea  of  Low  a  business,  when  con- 
ducted by  energy,  perseverance,  system,  and  attention,  may  be 
. successful  in  rising  to  the  front  ranks  ;  and  as  a  further  proof  of 
the  efficacy  of  these  all-important  business  qualifications,  we  may 
mention  that  during  the  whole  forty  years  this  house  has  been 
in  business,  notwithstanding  all  the  panics  and  commercial  dis- 
asters, of  which  there  have  been  so  many  in  that  period,  they 
have  always  preserved  an  untarnished  credit.  • 

Messrs.  E.  Tread  well's  Sons,  with  their  present  facilities,  can 
execute  orders  or  contracts  to  any  amount,  either  for  govern- 
ments or  merchants  ;  and  the  quality  of  their  manufacture  will 
speak  for  itself  by  the  reputation  it  has  acquired  all  over  the 
world. 


PETROLEUM. — An  important  discovery  in  regard  to  the  prac- 
tical uses  of  Petroleum  or  rock  oil  now  found  in  such  quanti- 
ties, has  been  made  by  Mr.  John  Lamb,  a  tanner  of  Pennsylvania. 
Since  August  he  has  been  using  the  oil  in  his  tannery,  as  a 
substitute  for  fish  oil,  with  most  astonishing  success.  Hides 
tanned  with  it  have  been  exhibited  to  practical  leather-dealers 
from  Pittsburgh  and  Boston,  and  a  quantity  sent  to  the  eastern 
markets,  with  entire  satisfaction.  It  makes  a  cleaner  and 
smoother  finish  than  the  fish  oil,  fills  up  instead  of  opening  the 
pores  of  the  leather,  so  as  to  make  it  almost  water-proof,  and 
gives  it  the  finish  of  the  finest  calf-skin.  It  is  also  a  superior 
article  for  mixing  blacking,  having  the  quality  of  cutting  the 
lamp-black.  The  «mell  does  not  remain  after  the  dressing  pro- 
cess is  completed.  The  oil  is  used  in  the  crude  state,  costing 
one-third  the  price  of  fish  oil. 


CIGARS,  WINES,  BRANDIES,  &c. 

Oh !  grant  me,  Heaven,  a  middle  state, 
Neither  too  humble  nor  too  great ; 
More  than  enough  for  nature's  ends, 
With  something  left  to  treat  my  friends. 

THOMAS    O.    L7TTLE,  99    LIBERTY    STREET,  NEW    YORK. 

This  house  possesses  peculiar  facilities  for  supplying  both 
domestic  and  imported  cigars,  and  also  for  cigars  made  here  of 
the  best  Havana  tobacco.  Having  agents  in  Cuba,  they  can 
always  obtain  the  best  kind  of  leaf  for  manufacturing,  and  also 
the  best  cigars  in  that  market.  Mr.  LITTLE  has  been  over 
twenty  years  in  the  business,  and  has  therefore  attained  that 
experience  which  enables  him  to  purchase  to  advantage,  both  as 
regards  quality  and  price  ;  and,  doing  a  heavy  trade,  can  sell  to 
equal  advantage  to  the  buyer. 

In  the  domestic  department  his  facilities  are  equally  as  good. 
His  store  in  Liberty  street  is  five  stories  high,  the  whole  upper 
four  stories  being  used  for  manufacturing,  which,  when  in  full 
blast,  gives  employment  to  over  two  hundred  and  fifty  hands. 
On  the  first  floor  is  the  warehouse,  counting-room,  <fec.  In  this 
warehouse  are  samples  and  packages  of  every  description  and 
quality  of  cigars,  while  the  basement  and  sub-cellar  are  filled 
•with  the  raw  material,  which,  notwithstanding  their  capacity, 
are  constantly  being  emptied  and  replenished. 

In  connexion  with  the  cigar  business,  T.  Gr.  L.  is  the  sole 
agent  for  the  Cavalier  and  Green  Seal  Champagne,  which  has 
attained  such  a  high  reputation  both  in  Europe  and  this  coun- 
try. Connoisseurs  want  no  commendation  of  this  wine.  He 
is  also  agent  for  El.  Sol.  Cognac  Brandy,  which,  although  a 
comparatively  recent  brand,  has  yet  already  "attained  a  strong 


THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK.  49 

hold  on  public  favor,  and  is  esteemed  by  judges  most  highly 
for  its  purity  and  piquant  flavor. 

Country  merchants  visiting  this  city,  and  requiring  these 
articles,  we  recommend  visiting  99  Liberty  street  (west  of 
Broadway),  where  they  can  buy  on  favorable  terms,  and  have 
the  advantage  of  a  large  assortment  to  select  from. 


HORSES  AND  CATTLE  IN  THE  WORLD. 

An  illustrated  natural  history  of  the  animal  kingdom  has 
just  been  published  by  S.  G.  Goodrich.  It  has  2,400  engravings. 
It  is  a  highly  useful  work.  Among  other  information  abound- 
ing in  it,  it  contains  the  following,  which  is  an  estimate  of  the 
number  of  horses  in  the  world.  From  this  we  extract  the  fol- 
lowing : 

The  general  estimate  has  been  eight  to  eighteen  horses  in 
Europe  to  every  hundred  inhabitants.  Denmark  has  forty-five 
horses  for  every  hundred  inhabitants,  which  is  more  than  any 
European  country.  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  have  2,500,000 
hoiscs;  France  has  3,000,000;  Austrian  empire,  exclusive  of 
Italy,  2,600,000  ;  Russia  has  3,500,000  ;  the  United  States  have 
5,000,000  horses,  which  is  more  than  any  European  country  ; 
the  horses  of  the  whole  world  are  estimated  at  57,420,000. 
Russia  has  22,000,000  cattle ;  Great  Britain  and  Holland  have 
8,000,000;  Austria  has  19,000,000;  France  8,000,000;  United 
States  of  America  have  22,000,000.  The  whole  world  is  esti- 
mated to  contain  210,000,000.  It  is  supposed  that  one-third  of 
them  are  killed  annually,  so  that  we  have  about  280,000,000 
pounds,  70,000,000  skins,  140,000,000  horns,  280,000,000  feet 
annually  to  be  converted  into  beef,  tallow,  leather,  combs,  glue, 
etc. 

3 


PHOTOGRAPHY  AND  THE  FINE  ARTS. 

Look  here  upon  this  picture,  and  on  this ; 
Two  simple  efforts  of  our  modern  art ; 
See,  what  a  finish  marks  this  manly  brow ; 
Each  play  of  feature,  every  thought  itself; 
The  sun-like  flashing  of  the  rolling  eye, 
The  lips  which  almost  seem  to  part  and  speak, 
To  give  the  world  assurance  of  their  life. 

SHAKSPEARE. 

The  immense  progress  this  country  has  made  in  mechanical 
and  industrial  pursuits  during  the  last  decade,  has  been  the 
admiration  of  the  world,  hut  the  progress  in  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences is  ev§n  more  remarkable.  To  what  does  our  country 
owe  this  rapid  advancement?  Doubtless  in  the  first  place  to 
the  rapid  development  of  our  material  wealth  ;  and  secondly  to 
the  impetus  given  to  foreign  travel  by  the  improved,  speedy, 
and  safe  modes  of  modern  conveyance.  A  journey  across  the 
Atlantic  a  few  years  ago  was  a  great  feat ;  now,  thanks  to  steam, 
it  is  simply  a  pleasant  little  excursion.*  Our  wealthy  merchants, 
knowing  of  the  great  treasures  of  art,  the  accumulated  product 
of  the  brains  of  thousands  during  many  centuries,  existing  in 
Europe,  with  that  enlightenment  and  liberality  which  charac- 
terize them  as  a  class,  thought  no  better  use  could  be  made  of 
their  money  than  themselves  and  families  to  visit  these  relics 
of  the  past.  They  went,  and  they  saw;  and  they  came  back 
sadly  convinced,  that  in  this  respect  .their  country  was  far 
behind  Europe.  But  that  was  no  reason  it  should  remain  so. 
Having  once  seen  these  beautiful  works  both  ancient  and 
modern,  it  was  natural  they  should  appreciate  them,  and  desire 
their  country  to  excel  in  that  respect,  as  much  as  she  does  in 
manufactures.  They  therefore  liberally  encouraged  all  their 
countrymen  and  women  whose  works  showed  genius  or  talent, 
and  to  this  encouragement  and  appreciation  we  are  indebted 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  51 

for  our  Churches,  Powers,  Miss  Hosmers,  and  the  other  glorious 
workers  in  the  realms  of  art.     It  was  to  those  who  are  sneer- 
ingly  alluded  to  as  "our  fashionable  aristocrats,"  more  than  to 
any  others,  that  we  owe  our  rapid  advancement,  for  although 
genius  is  indigenous  to  all  countries,  its  growth  is  always  slow, 
when  it  is  not  appreciated  and  encouraged.    Miss  Flora  McFlim- 
sey  may  perhaps  require  an  immense  amount  of  baggage  to 
transport  her  habiliments,  and  then  have  "  nothing  to  wear,"  but 
may  not  this  perpetual  longing  for  something  new,  be  the  natural 
result  of  her  appreciation  of  the  "  beautiful !"    If  our  limits  per- 
mitted, we  think  we  could  make  a  good  argument  on  the  sub- 
ject.    But  our  present  purpose  is  to  speak  of  that  branch  of 
the  fine  arts  which  was  introduced  to  the  world  some  thirty 
years  ago  by  M.  Daguerre  in  the  form  of  the  daguerreotype. 
At  the  time  of  their  introduction  they  were  looked  on  as  won- 
derful productions,  and  rose  rapidly  in  public  favor.      The 
appreciation   they   met   with,   gave   an   incentive   to  further 
improvements,  and   the   original  daguerreotype  was  rapidly 
followed  by  the  photograph  and  other  improvements  which 
have  continued  up  to  the  present  day,  now  employing  a  whole 
army  of  artists  in  producing  the  most  finished  specimens  of 
this  most  beautiful  art.     Amongst  those  who  have  contributed 
very  largely  to  these  improvements,  and  whose  enterprise  has 
placed  them  in  the  front  ranks  of  the  profession,  must  be 
ranked  the  firm  of  Messrs.  C.  D.  Fredericks  <fc  Co.,  who  have 
recently  opened  their  new  Gallery  at  587  Broadway.     This 
gallery  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  of  the  kind  in  the  country ; 
all  the  modern  improvements,  and  all  that  science  could  sug- 
gest and  experience  devise,  have  been  adopted,  totally  regard- 
less of  expense  to  make  it  complete,  and  as  it  possesses  some 
novel  and  peculiar  features  we  purpose  giving  a  brief  descrip- 
tion in  this  paper. 

The    building   is   five    stories    high,    100   feet   deep,   and 
25    feet   frontage.      The   front    entrance   takes   in    the   first 


52  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

and  second  stories  to  the  depth  of  12  feet  from  the  sidewalk, 
and  is  formed  by  an  arch,  29  feet  high,  on  either  side  of  which 
are  glass  cases  filled  with  samples  of  photography,  etc.;  a  glass- 
door  beyond  takes  us  to  the  main  picture  gallery.  Here  we 
have  a  feast  for  the  eye  and  for  the  mind.  Raised  up  pro- 
minently are  life  size  pictures  of  persons  now  figuring  in  the 
foremost  stages  of  public  life,  amongst  which  are  the  portraits 
of  Genls.  Scott,  Morris,  and  Beauregard,  Valentine,  the 
esteemed  clerk  of  the  Common  Council,  the  Captain  General 
of  Cuba  (Serrano)  and  lady,  Mad.  La  Grange,  Joseph  Hoxie, 
and  others,  too  numerous  to  mention,  but  all  life-like  and 
finished  in  the  highest  style  of  art.  Interspersed  with  these  are 
smaller  portraits  of  well-known  characters,  as  well  as  some  per- 
fect bijoux  of  landscapes  in  photography  ;  all  these  must  be  seen 
to  be  appreciated.  But  while  thus  catering  to  the  eye,  the  ani- 
mal comforts  are  not  forgotten  ;  the  vast  gallery  is  abundantly 
furnished  with  sofas,  fauteuils,  etc.,  the  whole  of  the  furniture  and 
decorations  being  arranged  with  an  artist's  eye,  all  in  perfect 
harmony.  At  the  extreme  end  of  this  gallery  is  the  staircase 
ascending  to  the  second  story ;  this  staircase  is  one  of  the  fea- 
tures of  the  establishment,  and  was  designed  especially  by 
Messrs.  Fredericks  to  obviate  the  objections  ladies  have  to 
ascend  an  abrupt  stairway  in  a  public  building,  and  they  have 
succeeded  perfectly  in  their  design.  On  the  second  floor  are 
situated  five  artists'  studios,  the  ladies'  dressing-room,  and  in 
front  the  ladies'  parlor,  both  luxuriously  furnished  ;  attached  to 
which  is  a  promenade  gallery,  under  cover,  where  the  ladies 
can  view  the  processions  often  passing  along  Broadway,  or  the 
ever-restless  panorama  which  is  always  there.  These  are 
designed  for  their  exclusive  use,  the  male  bipeds  being 
rigidly  excluded  from  them.  At  night  this  floor  is  lighted  by 
four  magnificent  chandeliers.  Once  more  ascending,  we  come 
to  the  photograph  room,  which  contains  one  of  the  largest 
skylights  in  the  United  States,  being  twenty-two  feet  high  by 
twelve  feet  wide ;  attached  to  this  are  the  artists'  operating 


THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.          53 

rooms,  and  in  the  front  part  are  three  studios,  occupied  by  the 
artists  in  oil,  pastel,  and  water  colors.  As  much  water  is 
required,  they  have  here  two  large  tanks,  one  holding  five 
hundred  and  twenty-five  gallons,  which,  when  full,  weighs 
four  thousand  Ibs. ;  and  to  prevent  leakage,  these  tanks  are 
bolted  together,  instead  of  being  nailed,  as  is  ordinarily  the 
case.  On  the  next  floor  is  the  daguerreotype  room,  and  the 
artists'  manipulating  rooms.  Every  one  knows  a  daguerreo- 
type room,  therefore  we  need  not  describe  it,  otherwise  than  to 
say  it  is  in  perfect  keeping  with  the  rest  of  the  establishment 
— and  as  the  manipulating  rooms  are  always  kept  dark,  we 
cannot  tell  much  about  them,  nor  do  we  advise  any  one  to 
visit  for  himself,  as  they  always  possess  a  most  disagreeable 
odor  of  chemicals,  which  we  at  least  are  not  desirous  of  often 
inhaling.  With  another  slight  ascent  we  get  to  the  negative 
room,  containing  twenty  thousand  negatives;  these  are  the 
photographs  on  glass  from  which  the  picture  you  have,  dear 
reader,  is  taken,  and  from  which  an  almost  indefinite  number 
may  be  taken.  Passing'  on  we  come  to  the  printing-room, 
where  the  negatives  are  transferred — a  very  pretty  process — 
but  like  the  definition  once  given  to  metaphysics,  "  being  a 
thing  we  don't  understand  ourselves,  we  can't  describe  it  to  you." 
Having  now  got  to  the  top  of  the  building,  we  descend  to 
take  a  peep  at  the  basement,  and  we  see  two  large  heaters  for 
heating  the  building  in  winter ;  a  pump  of  very  simple  con- 
struction and  action,  for  pumping  the  water  to  the  upper 
floors;  sundry  tanks,  in  which  the  water  is  kept  constantly 
flowing,  used  for  some  of  the  processes  required  in  the  art ;  a 
number  of  empty  cases,  and  other  rubbish  lying  around;  and 
we  should  not  have  cared  for  our  visit  but  that  we  came  at 
last  to  a  neatly  fitted-up  room  at  the  rear  end,  occupied  as  a 
store  room  ;  in  this  we  found  some  most  beautiful  specimens 
of  workmanship,  amounting  to  thousands  of  dollars,  in  the 
shape  of  cases,  frames,  lockets,  brooches,  and  other  material, 
from  all  parts  of  Europe  and  America.  We  have  thus  par- 


54  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

tially  described  some  of  the  prominent  features  of  Messrs. 
Fredericks'  establishment,  but  \ve  have  left  one  to  the  last,  as 
being  the  most  peculiar,  at  the  same  time  the  most  admirably 
adapted  one  of  the  whole.  We  allude  to  the  lighting  of  the 
gallery  at  night.  In  the  portico  affixed  to  the  ceiling  is  a 
reflector  (Wy herd's  patent)  thirty-five  inches  diameter,  having 
forty-five  burners,  throwing  a  brilliant  light  on  everything 
below,  and  forming  a  sun-flower  in  shape,  having  a  beautiful 
appearance ;  in  the  inside  are  fourteen  branches,  pendent  from 
the  ceiling,. to  which  is  connected  a  continuous  pipe  of  an  oval 
form,  running  the  whole  length  of  the  gallery,  containing  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  jets.  These  jets  throw  a  brilliant 
continuous  flood  of  light  on  the  pictures,  and  present  a  splen- 
did coup  cFoeil ;  in  fact,  we  may  say  it  is  about  the  best 
lighted  gallery  we  have  seen. 

Of  course  an  establishment  of  this  magnitude  requires  a 
considerable  number  of  assistants.  Messrs.  Fredericks  &  Co. 
engage  the  best  of  artists,  and  always  have  an  agreement  with 
them  for  three  years  ;  they  have  now  two  in  oil,  two  in  pastel, 
four  in  India  ink,  two  in  water  colors,  and  twelve  photo- 
graphers, daguerreotypists,  and  printers,  besides  eleven  other 
assistants.  Their  business  is  conducted  in  the  most  liberal 
manner,  as  they  never  ask  a  deposit  when  an  order  is  left  with 
them,  although  they  have  often  executed  orders  that  have 
never  been  called  for.  Their  enterprise  has  extended  so  far, 
that  they  have  a  partner  residing  in  Paris,  who  keeps  them 
advised  of  all  improvements,  and  sends  them  all  the  novelties. 
It  was  this  spirit  of  enterprise  that  enabled  them  to  be  the 
first  to  introduce  the  art,  as  at  present  it  is,  into  this  country, 
and  we  are  glad  tp  see  that  the  public  have  appreciated  and 
recognised  their  efforts.  Those  who  have  never  visited 
Messrs.  C.  D.  Fredericks  &  Co.'s  gallery,  at  587  Broadway, 
we  recommend  to  do  so  at  their  earliest  convenience,  as  it  is 
open  free  till  nine  o'clock  at  night,  and  when  they  have  done 
it  they  will  thank  us  for  the  advice. 


AMERICAN  GUTTA  PERCHA  ROOFING  CO. 

When  fiction  rises  pleasing  to  the  eyo, 
Men  will  believe,  because  they  love  the  lie ; 
But  truth  herself)  if  clouded  with  a  frown, 
Must  have  some  solemn  proofs  to  pass  her  down. 

CHURCHILL. 

No  want  has  been  more  generally  felt  than  that  of  an  Eiidur- 
ing,  Elastic,  Fire-Proof  Roofing,  the  cost  of  which  shall  be 
such  as  to  bring  it  within  the  reach  of  all.  Shingles  of  the 
best  quality  form  a  roof  that  lasts  a  long  time  ;  but  the  danger 
from  fire  renders  them  unsafe  in  cities  and  towns,  while  the 
repairs  necessitated  by  the  warping  and  cracking  of  the  shin- 
gles are  a  source  of  considerable  annoyance  and  expense. 
Again,  shingles  require  a  steep  roof,  thus  increasing  the  amount 
of  surface,  and  consequent  cost. 

Roofs  of  tin,  iron,  zinc,  or  other  metal,  have  failed  to  answer 
the  demand.  They  are  expensive,  and  soon  become  leaky  from 
expansion  and  contraction,  caused  by  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  This  separates  the  joints  and  cracks  the  metal  surfaces. 
In  process  of  time,  also,  these  metal  roofs  rust-  through.  Paint 
is  an  outside  protection,  but'  needs  renewal  every  year  or  two ; 
and  with  even  this  protection  the  dampness  collected  inside  the 
building  rusts  the  metal  from  beneath. 

A  large  variety  of  composition  roofs  have  been  invented  to 
meet  this  general  want.  The  principal  ingredient  in  all,  or 
nearly  all,  of  these,  is  coal  tar  or  asphaltum.  Both  of  these 
are  worse  than  useless  for  the  purpose.  They  contain  an  acid 
which  corrodes  the  fabrics  in  contact,  and  in  a  short  time  de- 
stroys the  roofing  material  itself.  Under  the  heat  of  the  sun, 
also,  the  material  melts,  a  portion  of  it  running  off,  causing  a 
most  disagreeable  odor,  familiar  to  all  who  have  used  this  roof- 


56  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

ing.  The  residuum  forms  into  a  dry,  scaly  substance,  which  is 
totally  incompetent  to  protect  from  leakage. 

THE  AMERICAN  GUTTA  PERCHA  ROOFING  COMPANY  possess 
the  only  patent  right  to  the  use  of  gutta  percha  in  roofing,  and 
are  the  only  ones  whose  roofs  can  be  guaranteed  durable  and 
entirely  free  from  leakage.  Several  other  parties  have  adver- 
tised gutta  percha  roofing,  but  without  any  right  to  the  use  of  it. 
Their  roofing  is  coal  tar  under  another  name.  The  roofing 
manufactured  by  the  above  company  contains  no  coal  tar  or 
asphaltum,  or  other  substance  of  injurious  or  perishable  charac- 
ter. The  Gutta  Percha  Cement  forms  a  preservative  of  the 
highest  and  most  lasting  quality,  whether  in  new  roofs  or  ap- 
plied to  metal  roofs  to  protect  them  from  leakage.  It  is  much 
cheaper  than  metal  or  tin  roofs,  and  much  better.  It  forms  an 
elastic  body  which  no  heat  of  the  sun  will  melt.  It  is  equally 
invaluable  for  car  and.  steamboat  decks.  On  cars  its  elasticity 
preserves  it  from  the  damage  liable  to  other  roofs  in  use.  No 
degree  of  cold  will  cause  it  to  crack.  From  its  character  it  can 
be  applied  equally  well  to  flat  or  steep  roofs,  according  to  the 
taste  of  those  building.  It  forms  a  very  light  roof. 

In  applying  it,  a  compact  saturated  cloth  is  first  laid  down 
and  tacked.  This  cloth  is  manufactured  expressly  for  the  pur- 
po.ie,  and  is  completely  water-proof^  being  saturated  with  the 
Gutta  Percha  Cement  in  the  manufacture.  When  the  cloth  is 
tacked  down  two  coats  of  the  Gutta  Percha  Cement  are  applied 
to  it,  and  covered  with  marble  dust,  which  gives  a  beautiful 
surface  nearly  white,  as  well  as  making  the  roof  fire-proof. 
This  roof  will  last  longer  without  repair  than  any  other  in  use. 

The  agents  of  the  company  in  New  York  are  Messrs.  FORBES 
&  WILLIS,  73  South  street.  This  roofing  has  been  introduced 
but  a  comparatively  short  time  in  this  city,  but  it  is  rapidly 
gaining  in  popularity,  having  achieved  a  decided  success  in  Cin- 
cinnati, St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Louisville,  Cleveland,  <fcc.,  where  it 


THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  x         57 

has  been  for  some  years  in  use,  and  is  pronounced  the  best  roof- 
ing material  yet  invented.  It  is  doubtless  destined,  from  its 
three  great  qualities  of  durability,  lightness,  and  economy,  to 
effect  a  revolution  in  the  roofing  business  and  supersede  all 
other  material. 

FORBES  &  WILLIS,  73  South  street,  New  York,  sole  agents 
for  the  American  Gutta-Percha  Roofing  Company  in  the  State 
of  New  York.  Cheap,  durable,  fire-proof  Roofing.  Leaky 
roofs  repaired  with  Gutta-Percha  Cement. . 


HOW  COFFEE  CAME  TO  BE  USED. 
It  is  somewhat  singular  to  trace  the  manner  in  which  arose 
the  use  of  the  common  beverage  of  coffee,  without  which  few 
persons,  in  any  half  or  wholly  civilized  country  in  the  world 
now  make  breakfast.  At  the  time  Columbus  discovered  Ame- 
rica, it  had  never  been  known  or  used.  It  only  grew  in  Arabia 
and  Upper  Ethiopia.  The  discovery  of  its  use  as  a  beverage  is 
ascribed  to  the  superior  of  a  monastery  in  Arabia,  who,  desi- 
rous of  preventing  the  monks  from  sleeping  at  their  nocturnal 
services,  made  them  drink  the  infusion  of  coffee,  upon  the 
reports  of  shepherds,  who  observed  that  their  flocks  were  more 
lively  after  browsing  on  the  fruit  of  that  plant.  Its  reputation 
spread  through  the  adjacent  countries,  and  in  about  two  hun- 
dred years  it  had  reached  Paris.  A  single  plant,  brought  there 
in  1714,  became  the  parent  stock  of  all  the  French  coffee  plan- 
tations in  the  West  Indies.  The  Dutch  introduced  it  into  Java 
and  the  East  Indies,  and  the  French  and  Spanish  all  over 
South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  The  extent  of  the  con- 
.sumption  now  can  hardly  be  realized.  The  United  States  alone 
annually^  consume  it  at  the  cost,  on  its  landing,  of  from  fifteen 
to  sixteen  millions  of  dollars. 

3* 


THE  PHOTOGRAPHIC  ART. 

Can  gold  calm  passion,  or  make  reason  shine  ? 
Can  we  dig  peace  or  wisdom  from  the  mine  ? 
"Wisdom  to  gold  prefer ;  for  'tis  much  less 
To  make  our  fortune  than  our  happiness. 

YOUNG. 

J.  GURNET  AND  SONS. 

In  no  department  of  the  arts  and  sciences  has  the  genius  of 
man  been  more  fully  developed  than  in  that  which  pertains  to 
the  art  of  Photography.  Twenty  or  twenty-five  years  ago, 
when  the  art  was  first  introduced,  we  fijid  the  crude  and  im- 
perfect daguerreotype  being  looked  upon  by  the  wondering 
public  as  a  great  phenomenon,  and  the  production  of  portraits 
by  aid  of  the  Camera  as  a  complete  triumph  of  genius.  And 
yet,  although  so  few  years  have  elapsed,  see  the  wonderful 
change  !  The  photograph  of  to-day  is  no  more  to  be  com- 
pared with  the  daguerreotype  of  the  past  than  is  a  gas-light 
to  the  sun. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  improvements  were  effected 
in  a  moment,  or  were  the  work  of  one  individual ;  on  the  con- 
trary, they  were  the  work  of  many,  and  required  much  patient 
persevering  labor  to  attain  their  present  perfection.  To  Mr. 
J.  Gurney,  more  than  to  any  other  artist,  we  are  indebted  for 
many  desirable  improvements  which  he  is  still  continuing.  As 
an  evidence  of  his  desire  to  keep  pace  with  the  improvements 
of  the  age,  he  has  recently  fitted  up  at  great  expense  the  new 
white  marble  building,  No.  707  Broadway,  which  for  elegance 
and  convenience  is  unsurpassed  in  the  world,  about  which  we 
propose  giving  a  few  details. 

Mr.  Gurney's  rooms  were  first  opened  in  1840,  at' the  time 
when  the  art  was  in  its  infancy,  and  were  opened  previous  to 


THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  59 

any  others  now  in  existence ;  during  this  period  of  twenty 
years  he  has  devoted  his  entire  attention  to  the  perfection  of 
the  photographic  art,  inventing  many  improvements  himself, 
and  advancing  large  sums  of  money  to  others  to  assist  them  in 
demonstrating  their  supposed  discoveries.  Indeed,  so  entirely 
and  enthusiastically  was  he  attached  to  his  art,  that  he  invited 
and  eagerly  listened  to  all  suggestions,  going  to  the  expense  of 
experimenting  on  them  whether  they  promised  successful  results 
or  not,  and  by  this  means  has  often  attained  vastly  different 
results  from  what  he  expected  in  commencing  the  experiment. 

On  entering  his  present  establishment  you  pass  through  the 
beautiful  reception  room  on  the  first  floor,  then  up  one  flight  of 
stairs  to  the  exhibition  gallery.  This  is  furnished  in  the  most 
elaborate  manner,  and  adorned  with  the  productions  of  some 
"of  the  best  American  and  foreign  landscape  painters.  Here 
likewise  may  be  seen  a  large  collection  of  photographs  finished 
in  every  size  and  style;  among  which  are  those  of  some  of 
the  most  eminent  persons  of  the  day.  Next  follow  the  daguer- 
reotype and  photograph  operating  rooms,  both  of  which  are 
under  the  personal  supervision  of  Mr.  Gurney,  and  close  to 
these  come  the  artists'  studios  in  oil  paintings,  and  the  pastel 
studios  where  artists  of  the  first  distinction  labor  for  the  per- 
fection of  art. 

The  particular  styles  of  pictures  Mr.  G.  is  now  producing  are 
as  follows,  viz. : 

PHOTOGRAPHS. — From  miniature  to  life-size  finished  in  oil, 
pastel,  water-colors,  India  ink  and  Crayon,  by  a  corps  of 
talented  artists. 

IMPERIAL. — Retouched  and  plain  photographs. 

MINIATURES  IN  OIL. — For  beauty,  delicacy,  and  finish,  are 
unequalled. 

IVORYTYPKS. — This   new  and .  beautiful  style  of  portraiture 


60  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

has  all  the  correctness  of  a  plain  photograph,  combined  with 
the  finish  of  the  most  delicate  miniature  on  ivory. 

DAGUERREOTYPES — In  the  usual  artistic  styles. 

PHOTOGRAPHIC  VISITING  CARDS. — A  unique  and  beautiful 
article,  to  which  ladies'  attention  is  especially  directed. 

Old  Daguerreotypes  of  deceased  persons  can  be  copied  by 
the  photographic  process,  enlarged  to  any  size,  and  colored  in 
any  style  equal  to  those  made  from  life. 

Messrs.  J.  Gurney  and  Sons'  Gallery,  at  707  Broadway,  is 
open  (free)  daily  till  nine  P.M.,  where  they  invite  the  public  to 
inspect  their  very  large  collection  of  photographs,  and  we  can 
conceive  of  no  place  where  a  half  hour  could  more  pleasantly 
or  profitably  bfe  spent. 


PRECIOUS  METAL  PRODUCTION. — The  value  of  the  production 
of  precious  metals,  per  annum,  in  different  countries,  is  as 
follows:  United  States,  $80,000,000;  Great  Britain,  $100,000,- 
000;  Russia,  $25,000,000;  France,  15,000,000;  Austria, 
$2,500,000;  Prussia,  $20,000,000;  Belgium,  $1,0000,000; 
Spain,  $7,500,000  ;  Sweden  and  Norway,  5,000,000  ;  Saxony, 
$1,500,000  ;  Italy,  $2,500,000  ;  Switzerland,  $390,000  ;  Aus- 
tralia itself  produces  41,250,000  ;  Mexico  and  Chili,  $45,000,- 
000 ;  the  rest  of  South  America,  $7,500,000.  According  to 
these  figures  the  annual  precious  metal  crop  of  Europe,  America, 
and  Australia,  approximates  $380,000,000. 


M.  LALANDE,  the  French  astronomer,  during  the  whole  time 
of  the  Revolution,  confined  himself  to  the  study  of  that  science. 
When  he  found  that  he  had  escaped  the  fury  of  Robespierre,  he 
jocosely  said,  M  I  may  thank  my  stars  for  it." 


A  DIRECTORY  TO  THE  PRINCIPAL  OBJECTS  OF 
INTEREST  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Academy  of  Design  (National),  58  East  Thirteenth  street. 

Aged  Indigent  Female  Society,  139  East  Twentieth  street. 

Almshouse,  Blackwell's  Island. 

American  Bible  House,  occupies  the  block  of  ground  bounded 
by  the  Fourth  avenue,  Astor  place,  Third  avenue,  and  Ninth 
street,  and  is  six  stories  high,  with  cellars  and  vaults. 

American  Anti-Slavery  Society,  138  Nassau  street. 

American  Baptist  Home  Mission  Society,  115  Nassau  street. 

American  Bible  Society,  Fourth  avenue  and  Astor  place. 

American  Bible  Union,  350  Broome. 

American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions, 
Bible  House,  Astor  place. 

American  Congregational  Union,  348  Broadway. 

American  Geographical  and  Statistical  Society,  University 
Building,  University  place. 

American  Home  Mission  Society,  Bible  House,  Astor  place. 

American  Institute,  35 I  Broadway. 

American  Missionary  Association,  48  Beekman. 

American  Museum,  Broadway,  c.  Ann  street. 

American  Seaman's  Friend  Society,  80  Wall. 

American  Sunday-School  Union,  375  Broadway. 

American  Temperance  Union,  149  Nassau. 

American  Tract  Society,  150  Nassau. 

American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union,  156  Chambers. 

American  and  Foreign  Bible  Society,  115  Nassau. 

Apprentices'  Library,  472  Broadway. 

Arsenal  of  the  State  of  New  York,  Fifth  avenue  and  Sixty- 
fifth  street. 

Arsenal  (City),  Elm,  c.  White. 


62  THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 

Assay  Office,  20  Wall. 

Astor  Library,  Lafayette  place,  n.  Broadway. 

Baptist  Historical  Society,  115  Nassau. 

Bellevue  Hospital  occupies  a  considerable  part  of  the  area 
bounded  by  Twenty-sixth  and  Twenty-eighth  streets,  1st  avenue. 

Bloomingdale  Insane  Asylum,  south  of  Manhattanville, 
between  One  Hundred  and  Fifteenth  street  and  'One  Hundred 
and  Twentieth  street. 

Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  Dutch  Reformed  Church, 
337  Broadway. 

Board  of  Publications  of  Dutch  Reformed  Ch.,  337  Broadway. 

Brooklyn  Athenaeum,  Atlantic,  c.  Clinton. 

Brooklyn  Lyceum,  Washington,  c.  Concord. 

Brooklyn  Post-office,  Fulton,  n.  City  Hall. 

Central  Education  Society,  Bible  House. 

Children's  Aid  Society,  Clinton  Hall,  Astor  place. 

City  Hall,  in  the  Park. 

City  Hospital,  323  Broadway,  op.  Pearl. 

City  Prison  (Tombs),  Centre,  c.  Franklin. 

City  Sunday-School  Society  of  M.  E.  Church,  199  Mulberry. 

Colonization  Society,  Bible  House,  Astor  place. 

Colored  Home,  First  avenue  and  Sixty-fourth  street. 

Colored  Orphan  Home,  Fifth  avenue  and  Forty-second  street. 

Columbia  College,  Fourth  avenue  and  Fiftieth  street. 

Congregational  Union,  348  Broadway. 

Cooper  Institute,  Fourth  avenue  and  Eighth  street. 

Custom  House,  c.  Wall  and  Nassau  streets,  extending  through 
to  Pine  street. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum,  Washington  Heights,  near  Fort 
Washington,  9f  miles  from  the  City  Hall,  and  commanding  a 
splendid  view  of  the  Hudson  .river. 

Debtors'  Prison,  22  Eldridgc. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  63 

Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  Second  avenue  and  Thirteenth  street. 

Female  Missionary  Society  of  M.  E.  Church,  200  Mulberry. 

Five  Points  House  of  Industry,  numbers  155,  157,  and  159 
Worth  street,  a  short  distance  north  of  the  City  Hall. 

Free  Academy  of  the  City  of  New  York,  Twenty-third  street, 
c.  Lexington  avenue. 

Gallery  of  Fine  Arts,  Second  avenue  and  East  Eleventh  street. 

General  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Tradesmen,  472  Broadway. 

Geographical  and  Statistical  Society,  University  Building, 
University  place. 

Halls  of  Justice  and  City  Prisons,  cover  the  block  of  ground 
bounded  by  Centre,  Leonard,  Elm,  and  Franklin  streets — front- 
ing on  Centre. 

Hall  of  Records,  is  situated  in  the  Park,  a  short  distance 
northeast  of  the  City  Hall. 

House  and  School  of  Industry,  100  West  16th  street. 

House  of  Refuge,  Randall's  Island. 

Home  for  the  Friendless,  32  East  30th  street. 

Institution  for  the  Blind,  occupies  the  whole  block  between 
33d  and  34th  streets,  and  Eighth  and  Ninth  avenues. 

Irish  Emigrant  Society,  51  Chambers  street. 

Ladies'  Home  Mission  of  M.  E.  Church, .200  Mulberry. 

Leake  and  Watts  Orphan  Asylum,  lllth  street  and  Eighth 
avenue. 

Lodging  House  for  Newsboys,  128  Fulton. 

Lunatic  Asylum,  117th  street,  n.  Tenth  avenue. 

Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  Medical  College,  14th  street,  n. 
Third  avenue. 

Lying-in  Hospital,  85  Marion. 

Magdalen  Female  Benevolent  Society,-  Tenth  avenue  and 
Eighty-eighth  street. 

Marine  Temperance  Society  of  Port  of  New  York,  190 
Cherry  street. 


64  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Mariners'  Family  Industrial  Society,  322  Pearl. 

Mechanics'  Institute,  20  Fourth  avenue. 

Mechanics'  and  Tradesmen's  Society,  472  Broadway,  and  32 
Crosby  street. 

Merchants'  Exchange  occupies  the  entire  block  of  ground 
between  Wall,  William,  and  Hanover  streets,  and  Exchange 
place. 

Methodist  Book  Concern,  200  Mulberry. 

Mercantile  Library,  Clinton  Hall,  Astor  place. 

Missionary  Society  of  M.  E.  Church,  200  Mulberry. 

Nursery  for  Poor  Children,  223  Sixth  avenue. 

New  Courthouse,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  Park. 

New  York  Hospital,  Broadway,  occupies  most  of  the  block 
between  Worth  and  Duane  streets. 

New  York  Association  for  Improving  the  Condition  of  the 
Poor,  Bible  House,  Astor  place. 

New  York  Bible  Society,  7  Beekman. 

New  York  Bible  and  Common  Prayer  Book  Society,  55  East 
Thirteenth  street. 

New  York  City  Temperance  Alliance,  114  Grand. 

New  York  City  Tract  Society,  Nassau,  c.  Spruce. 

New  York  City  Sunday-School  of  M.  E.  Church,  200  Mul- 
berry street.  t 

New  York  Historical  Society,  University  Buildings. 

New  York  Marine  Bible  Society,  80  Wall. 

New  York  Port  Society  for  Promotion  of  the  Gospel  among 
Seamen,  80  Wall. 

New  York  Sunday-School  Union,  375  Broadway. 

New  York  Typographical  Society,  3  Chambers. 

New  York  University,  Wooster  street,  c.  Waverley  place. 
New  York  Woman's  Hospital,  83  Madison  avenue. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  65 

New  York  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Clinton  Hall, 
Astor  place. 

New  York  Orphan  Asylum,  Bloomingdale  and  Seventy- 
first  street. 

Penitentiary,  Blackwell's  Island. 

Presbyterian  Domestic  Mission  Society,  23  Centre. 

Presbyterian  Education  Society,  23  Centre. 

Presbyterian  Foreign  Mission  Society,  23  Centre. 

Presbyterian  Publication  Society,  23  Centre. 

Prison  Association  of  New  York,  15  Centre. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Domestic  Mission  Society,  Bible  House, 
Astor  place. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Foreign  Mission  Society,  Bible  House, 
Astor  place. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Sunday-School  and  Church  Book  So- 
ciety, 637  Broadway. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Tract  Society,  55  East  Thirteenth  street. 

Protestant  Half  Orphan  Asylum,  142  Sixth  avenue. 

Public  School  Society,  Grand,  c.  Elm. 

Roman  Catholic  Half  Orphan  Asylum,  Mott,  c.  Prince. 

Rotunda,  near  the  northeast  corner  of  the  Park. 

Rutgers  Female  Institute,  244  Madison. 

Sailors'  Home,  190  Cherry. 

Sailors'  Snug  Harbor,  Office,  115  Wall. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Mission  Society,  9  Spruce. 

Seventh  Day  Baptist  Publication  Society,  9  Spruce. 

Stuyvesant  Institute,  659  Broadway. 

Surrogate's  Office,  3  Hall  of  Records,  and  Register's  Office, 
1  and  2  Hall  of  Records. 

Tract  Society  of  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  200  Mulberry. 

Trinity  Church,  Broadway. 

Union  Theological  Seminary,  9  University  place. 


THE  GROVER  AND  BAKER  SEWING  MACHINE  COM- 
PANY'S ESTABLISHMENT. 


The  fame  that  a  man  wins  himself,  is  best ; 
That  he  may  call  his  own.     Honors  put  on  him 
Make  him  no  more  a  man  than  his  clothes  do, 
"Which  are  as  soon  ta'en  off. 

MlDDLETON. 

The  Grover    and  -^s=ss^  - 

Baker   Company  is 
one  of  the  oldest  and 
most    successful     of. 
the  originators  and 
directors  of  the  busi- 
ness.    It  entered  the  I 
field  at  an  early  day,  i 
when     sewing    ma-j 
chines  were   almost] 
in  their  first  stages; 
— when  their  manu- 
facture was  more  of 
an  experiment  than 
anything   else;  step 
by  step  it  has  pro- 
gressed in  the  deve-| 
lopment  of  the  trade 
and    the    perfecting 
of  its  machines  ;  tak-_ 
ing  advantage  of  all 
possible       improve- 
ments in  the  make,  j 
adaptation,  and  mo-' 
dification  of  the  ma-- 
chinery,    it   has  en-j 
joyed  the  exclusive' 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  67 

benefits  of  the  inventive  genius  of  one  person  of  the  firm  (Mr. 
William  0.  Grover),  by  which  it  has  been  placed  in  possession 
of  privileges  and  patents  that  have  given  its  machines  peculiar 
and  exclusive  excellences,  until  now,  we  find  the  company 
strong  in  resources,  quick  in  the  enterprise  of  competition,  exer- 
cising a  marked  influence  on  the  times  by  its  taste  and  liberal- 
ity, and  diffusing  good  results  to  society,  to  morals,  and  to  the 
happiness  of  our  kind. 

The  building  erected  by  the  Company,  for  its  exclusive  use, 
is  situated  in  Broadway  (No.  495),  in  the  St.  Nicholas  Hotel 
block,  between  Broome  and  Spring  streets,  and  on  the  prome- 
nade side  of  the  great  thoroughfare.  It  has  a  front  of  twenty- 
five  feet,  with  a  depth  of  two  hundred  feet,  extending  through 
to  Mercer  street.  In  this  fine  area  are  comprised  some  of  the 
most  beautiful  rooms  to  be  found  upon  the  "  street  of  superb 
stores." 

Thus,  in  the  basement  is  the  Packing  Room,  two  hundred 
feet  long  by  twenty-five  feet  in  width,  while  the  Repair  Shop 
extends  out  beneath  the  walk  and  street,  giving  a  fine  room 
twenty-five  by  twenty-five  feet. 

The  first  floor,  Sales  Room,  is  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet 
long,  by  twenty-five  in  width.  Back  of  it  is  a  Fiitmg-up 
Room,  fifty  by  twenty-five  feet,  fronting  on  Mercer  street. 

The  second  floor  comprises  the  main  Tuition  Room  (called 
the  Ladies'  Parlor),  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  length  by 
twenty -five  in  width.  Back  of  this  room  is  the.  Ware  Room 
for  Cabinets  and  tables,  fifty  by  twenty-five  feet. 

The  third  floor  comprises  a  room  twenty-five  by  fifty  feet, 
devoted  to  storage  and  packages  awaiting  orders. 

These  leading  rooms  are  beautifully  and  tastefully  furnished. 
AY  alls  are  in  hard  finish ;  floors  are  carpeted  with  tapestry, 
velvet,  and  Brussels ;  mirrors  adorn  the  sides ;  a  piano  is  at 


68  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

hand  ;  sofas  are  disposed  around  in  a  most  inviting  manner ; 
and  a  well-chosen  library  offers  its  treat  to  all,  while  machines 
of  every  pattern,  size,  and  style,  occupy  the  floors  in  long  lines 
and  numbers  which  bewilder  the  eyes.  The  whole  is  lighted  by 
four  sky-lights  or  "  wells,"  three  of  which  are  seventeen  feet  in 
length,  by  eight  feet  four  inches  in  width,  oval-shaped.  They 
are  guarded  by  heavily  built  railing.  From  the  first  to  the 
second  floor  springs  a  fine  flight  of  stairs.  The  salesroom  is 
lighted,  at  night,  by  seven  richly  mounted  chandeliers,  of  six 
burners  each.  Upon  the  right  side  of  this  room,  as  you  enter, 
is  the  counter  and  goods'  shelving,  where  the  purchaser  obtains 
needles,  silk,  thread,  etc.,  etc. — everything  being  kept  on  sale 
which  may  be  required  for  the  successful  working  of  the 
machine.  Beyond  the  counter  are  the  desks  of  the  book- 
keepers, cashier,  advertising  agent,  etc.  Machines  occupy  the 
left  side  and  centre  of  the "  floor,  running  through  the  whole 
length.  On  the  second  floor,  or  Ladies'  Parlor,  are  machines 
disposed  to  suit  the  convenience  of  the  operators.  It  is  in  this 
room  that  persons  buying  a  machine  are  taught  how  to  work  it 
successfully.  Skilful  and  obliging  lady  operators  are  in  attend- 
ance, to  render  all  necessary  assistance,  and  an  hour  or  two 
generally  suffices  to  initiate  the  most  inexperienced  into  the 
mysteries  of  the  whole  thing — practice,  then,  only  being  neces- 
sary to  make  a  rapid  and  good  sewer. 

When  the  Sewing  Machine  was  first  invented  there  was  a 
great  outcry  against  it — it  would  ruin  the  poor  seamstress,  thou- 
sands of  tailors,  shirt-makers,  and  others,  who  get  their  living  by 
the  needle,  would  be  thrown  out  of  employment,  and  the  work, 
would  only  be  imperfectly  done.  But  how  different  has  been 
the  result !  Instead  of  ruining  the  seamstresses,  it  has  benefited 
them  ;  instead  of  throwing  out  of  employment  it  has  engen- 
dered more,  and  by  reason  of  its  great  power  of  rapid  produc- 


THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK.  69 

tion  it  has  placed  all  articles  of  clothing  within  the  reach  of 
the  poorest.  In  fact,  it  has  proved  one  of  the  greatest  bene- 
factors of  the  age. 

The  Sewing  Machine,  as  originally  invented,  formed  what  is 
known  as  the  shuttle  stitch.  The  insecurity,  want  of  strength, 
and  elasticity  of  this  stitch  early  attracted  the  attention  of  Mr. 
W.  0.  Grover,  who,  after  long,  patient,  and  persevering  labor, 
patented  in  1851  their  celebrated  lock-stitch,  which  achieved 
the  desired  results,  combining  strength,  security,  and  elasticity  of 
seam.  Messrs.  Grover  and  Baker,  however,  were  not  satisfied 
with  their  first  attainment;  they  still  persevered  in  their 
researches,  and  in  1852,  '53,  and  '58,  obtained  patents  for  some 
further  improvements.  But  their  crowning  glory  was  the 
obtaining  a  patent  for  the  "  Noiseless "  Machine,  which  runs 
with  such  ease  as  to  do  away  with  the  iritating  rumble  and 
clicking  that  had  previously  rendered  the  work-room  of  a  large 
factory  a  pandemonium  of  bewildering  noise,  and  the  presence 
of  a  machine  in  a  private  house  little  else  than  a  nuisance  when 
in  operation. 

Messrs.  Grover  and  Baker's  Machines  seem  pretty  nearly  to 
have  reached  a  perfect  point ;  but  should  the  requirements  of 
the  times  suggest  any  new  improvements,  the  ingenuity  of  the 
firm,  we  doubt  not,  would  soon  attain  them. 


The  mercurial  electric  light,  now  in  use  in  England,  is  said  to 
be  the  strongest  and  purest  light  in  the  known  world — the  near- 
est approach  to  sunlight  that  modern  science  has  yet  produced. 
It  is  caused  by  the  application  of  electricity  from  a  voltaic  bat- 
tery to  a  thin  stream  of  quicksilver,  which  is  heated  to  a  white 
heat ;  as  impossible  to  look  at  with  the  naked  eye,  as  the  sun 
at  noonday. 


COAL  OILS. 

Thus  every  object  of  creation 
Can  furnish  hints  for  contemplation ; 
And  from  the  most  minute  and  mean 
A  virtuous  mind  can  morals  glean. 

GAY'S  FABLES. 

The  manufacture  of  coal  oils  is  comparatively  of  recent  ori- 
gin in  this  country,  but  yet,  notwithstanding  its  youth,  there  are 
already  some  colossal  establishments  for  the  manufacture  of 
Petroleum,  Kerosene,  Paraffine,  &c.,  one  of  the  largest  of  which 
we  purpose  describing  in  the  present  paper,  believing  it  to  pos- 
sess features  of  much  interest  to  the  general  public. 

The  establishment  we  allude  to  is  situated  on  Newtown  Creek, 
known  by  the  name  of  the  New  York  Kerosene  Oil  Company, 
Messrs.  COZZENS  <fc  Co.  It  is  about  one  mile  from  the  Tenth- 
street  Greenpoint  ferry,  on  the  Flushing  Railroad,  which 
runs  through  the  centre  of  their  works.  On  the  lower  side  of 
the  railroad  are  situated  the  distilling  works,  and  on  the  upper, 
the  refining,  finishing,  <fec. 

On  entering  the  lower  side  we  first  encounter  a  number  of 
queer  looking  brick  structures,  which  we  are  told  are  meer- 
schaums. They  are  eighteen  in  number,  and  are  charged  with 
twenty-five  tons  of  coal  each ;  the  coal  is  then  subjected  to  a 
gradual  heat  from  above — about  700°  temperature — which 
extracts  the  oil  from  the  coal,  forcing  it  into  a  condenser,  from 
whence  it  passes  in  a  crude  state,  a  thick  black  liquid  mass, 
into  the  various  reservoirs  that  are  sunk  all  over  this  part  of 
the  factory.  In  the  neighborhood  of  these  meerschaums  are  the 
still-houses,  containing  eighteen  stills,  into  which  the  erode  oil 
is  pumped.  In  the  whole  of  the  works,  there  are  fifty-five  stills 
used  for  the  different  refining  processes.  Having  learned  so 


THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  71 

** 

much  of  the  process,  we  proceed  down  towards  the  creek.  Here 
we  find  a  fine  wharfage  front  of  seven  or  eight  hundred  feet, 
with  schooners  and  barges  loading  and  unloading.  On  the  east 
end  is  situated  the  coal  yard,  occupying  nearly  an  acre  and  a 
half  of  ground.  Over  this  is  erected  a  series  of  scaffolding, 
composed  of  very  strong  timbers,  forming  three  railways,  at 
a  height  of  thirty  feet  from  the  ground,  on  which  the  coal 
is  hoisted  from  the  boats  by  means  of  a  steam  engine,  and 
then  distributed  all  over  this  space.  The  requirements  of  the 
factory  are  about  thirty  thousand  tons  of  coal  a  year,  and  to 
keep  a  supply  always  ready  to  hand,  necessitates  the  piling  up  of 
coal  on  the  wharf;  hence  the  use  of  this  scaffolding  and  rail- 
road. 

From  the  wharf  we  retrace  our  steps  till  we  come  to  a  bride 
building  situated  near  the  railroad,  where  are  six  Worthington 
pumps,  worked  by  steam,  employed  in  pumping  the  crude 
oil  from  the  reservoirs  on  this  ground  to  the  reservoirs  on 
the  refining  ground,  to  be  again  pumped  into  the  different 
receptacles  for  its  thorough  purification  into  kerosene.  This 
process  employs  seventeen  steam  pumps.  From  hence  we  cross 
the  railroad  and  enter  the  finishing  ground.  Here,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  increased  demand  of  late  years,  vast  improve- 
ments have  taken  place  and  are  still  in  progress.  We  first  come 
upon  the  coopers'  shop,  a  large,  commodious  structure,  where  all 
the  barrels  are  made  and  coopered.  Next  we  come  to  the 
alkali  house,  a  small  building,  but  important  in  the  manufac- 
ture. We  then  pass  on  to  the  purifying  house,  containing  eight 
agitators.  This  is  the  first  process  of  purification  through 
which  the  crude  oil  passes.  It  is  here  pumped  up  from  the 
reservoirs  by  the  steam  pumps  into  the  agitators,  which  are 
large  tubs  about  fifteen  feet  high  by  eight  feet  in  diameter,  capa- 
ble of  holding  three  thousand  gallons  each  ;  in  the  centre  of 


72  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

p 

these  is  a  kind  of  fan,  or  screw,  worked  by  steam  power.  After 
the  oil  is  pumped  in  certain  chemicals  and  acids  are  mixed  with 
it,  the  steam  is  then  turned  on,  and  the  whole  mass  is  kept  in  a 
perpetual  whirl.  We  looked  into  one  while  it  was  in  this  active 
state,  and — smelt  kerosene  for  a  week  afterwards.  The  engine 
that  supplies  the  power  required  for  the  whole  of  the  depart- 
ments on  this  ground  is  one  hundred  horse-power,  and  is  one 
of  the  simplest,  although  the  most  perfect,  ever  used  in  a  manu- 
facturing establishment.  It  has  three  boilers,,  and  the  chimney 
— one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  high — is  a  fine  specimen  of 
brick-work,  and  forms  a  landmark  for  the  surrounding  country. 

After  passing  through  the  first  process  of  refinement  it  is 
sent  into  other  stills,  where  it  undergoes  a  still  further  process 
tff  purification,  and  is  finally  deposited,  by  means  of  more 
steam-pumps,  in  the  four  receiving  tanks,  each  capable  of  holding 
seven  thousand  gallons,  contained  in  the  two  receiving  houses. 
From  hence  it  is  barrelled  for  market.  This  barrelling  process, 
however,  is  much  indebted  to  the  inventive  genius  of  the  age  for 
new  improvements.  By  the  old  process  the  requirements  of  the 
house  would  take  twenty  men  to  do  what  six  or  seven  can  do  now. 
A  very  ingenious  contrivance  in  the  shape  of  a  meter  (Worth- 
ington's  patent),  is  fastened  on  to  each  of  the  spigots  of  the  finish- 
ing tanks,  by  which  means  the  oil  is  measured  into  the  barrel  as 
fast  as  it  can  run  out,  never  failing  to  indicate  the  true  measure. 
This  invention  the  firm  has  found  most  useful,  not  only  for  home 
consumption,  but  in  filling  the  large  orders  they  have  for  Aus- 
tralia. The  oil  shipped  for  Australia,  owing  to  the  length  of 
voyage,  has  to  be  packed  in  five-gallon  tin  cans,  two  placed  in 
a  box,  and  had  they  to  fill  them  by  the  ordinary  method,  the 
time  consumed  in  doing  it  would  be  three  times  as  long,  and 
the  price  of  the  article  advanced  in  equal  proportion. 

We  have  thus  given  a  very  hasty  description  of  the  manu- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  78 

facture  of  kerosene,  but  to  better  understand  the  extent  of  this 
department  of  labor,  we  will  give  some  details  connected  with 
this  one  house  alone.  Their  various  buildings  cover  an  area  of 
about  eight  acres,  and  these  buildings  are  rendered  as  nearly 
fire-proof  as  possible.  They  have  two  tanks  erected,  capable  of 
holding  in  each  ninety  thousand  gallons  of  oil,  and  have  five 
more  building  of  the  same  capacity,  with  one  capable  of  hold- 
ing one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  gallons,  to  provide  for  all 
future  wants.  They  can  at  the  present  moment  turn  out  twelve 
thousand  gallons  of  oil  per  day,  and  when  the  tanks  before 
mentioned  are  finished  they  will  be  enabled  to.  keep  on  hand 
nearly  a  million  gallons.  Two  hundred  men  are  constantly 
employed  here,  besides  others  occasionally  engaged.  The  thirty 
thousand  tons  of  coal  used  annually  employ  a  large  number 
more  in  its  production  and  shipment,  as  does  also  the  shipment 
of  the  outproduced,  which,  taken  together,  will  sum  up  a  very 
large  total  of  labor  employed. 

Having  thus  far  only  spoken  of  coal  oil  or  kerosene,  our 
article  would  be  incomplete  did  we  not  mention  two  other  arti- 
cles introduced  by  this  manufacture,  one  called  Paraffine  and. 
the  other  Sludge.  The  first  is  the  residuum  found  after  the 
refining  process  of  the  oil  has  been  gone  through.  It  is  a  hard 
wax-like  substance  found  in  particles,  which  are  taken  to  the 
paraffine  house  and  there  placed  between  heavy  canvas  cloths 
and  subjected  to  a  heavy  pressure  by  means  of  steam  machi- 
nery, to  express  any  remaining  oil  and  unite  the  particles  in 
a  solid  mass.  These  are  sold  to  candle  manufacturers,  and  pro- 
duce a  candle  equally  as  pure  and  n  light  as  brilliant  as  any 
wax.  The  second  is  the  residuum  of  the  original  crude  oil,  as 
we  said  before,  called  sludge.  This  sludge  is  collected  from 
the  tanks,  placed  in  a  receptacle  used  for  the  purpose,  and  car- 
ried from  thence  by  meaas  of  pipes  to  a  large  furnace  where  it 

4 


74  THE  -UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

is  burnt  up.  This  operation  does  not  require  any  coal  for  its 
consumption  after  the  first  application  of  heat,  as  it  possesses 
the  power  of  producing  in  a  state  of  fusion  the  caloric  for  its 
own  consumption.  We  cannot  help  thinking  that  this  is  a  total 
waste  of  the  raw  material,  but  as  the  business  is  only  in  its 
infancy  we  may  hope  to  see  this  remedied  some  day. 

In  conclusion,  we  think  this  manufacture,  being  now  esta- 
blished as  one  of  the  necessities  of  the  age,  must  always  pro- 
gress. The  oils  are  valuable  as  solvents  and  lubricators,  as  well 
as  for  photogenic  purposes.  In  the  latter  use,  they  give  a 
whiter  and  more  brilliant  light  than  any  fixed  or  fat  oil,  and 
are  produced  at  much  less  cost  than  oil  can  be  had  for.  Fish 
and  lard  oils  are  nearly  superseded  by  them,  and  while  they 
thus  prevent  the  cost  of  such  from  rising  to  any  unusual  extent 
in  the  market,  they  are  themselves  controlled  by  the  prices  of 
these  oils ;  and  it  only  requires  sufficient  attention  to  be 
bestowed  on  its  purification,  so  as  to  free  it  from  its  creasote 
impurities,  to  render  it  one  of  the  most  pleasing  and  brilliant, 
as  well  as  the  safest  and  most  economic  sources  of  light  in 
those  situations  where  gas  is  not  desirable  or  attainable. 

The  counting-house  of  Messrs.  COZZENS  &  Co.  is  at  89 
Water  street,  New  York,  where  all  the  general  business  of  the 
firm  is  transacted,  to  which  address  all  orders  should  be  trans- 
mitted. 


AN  editor  in  a  country  town,  who  was  warmly  pressed 
during  a  contest  to  give  his  vote  to  a  certain  candidate,  replied 
that  it  was  impossible,  since  he  had  already  promised  to  vote 
for  the  other.  "  Oh,"  said  the  candidate,  "  in  election  matters, 
promises,  you  know,  go  for  nothing."  "  If  that  is  the  case," 
rejoined  the  elector,  "  I  promise  you  my  vote  at  once." 


POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  Superintendent  of  the  Census  has  prepared  the  following 
table  of  the  census  of  the  several  States  and  Territories,  the 
slave  population,  and  the  number  of  Representatives  to  which 
each  State  is  entitled  : 

Free  Slave             87th  Congress 

Population.  Population.    Representatives, 

Maine 619,958            6 

New  Hampshire 326,072            3 

Vermont .*. 316,827            3 

Massachusetts 1,231,494            •  10 

Rhode  Island. 174,621            1 

Connecticut 460,670  4 

New  York 3,851,563            30 

Pennsylvania 2,916,018            23 

New  Jersey 676,084            6 

Delaware 110,548  1,805  1 

Maryland 646,183  85,382  5 

Virginia 1,097,373  495,826  11 

North  Carolina 679,965  328,877  7 

South  Carolina 308,186  *407,185  4 

Georgia 615,336  467,461  7 

Florida 84,885  63,809  1 

Alabama 520,444  435,473  6 

Mississippi 407,051  479,607  5 

Louisiana 354,245  312,186  4 

Arkansas 331,710  109,065  3 

Texas 415,999  184,956  4 

Tennessee 869,528  287,112  8 

Kentucky 820,077  -225,490  8 

Ohio , 2,377,917            *'  19 

Indiana 1,350,802             11 

Illinois 1,691,238             13 

Missouri 1,085,599  115,610  9 

Michigan 734,291            6 

Wisconsin 768,485            6 

Iowa 682,002             5 

Minnesota 172,793            1 

Oregon  52,566             1 

California 384,770             3 

Kansas 143,645             1 


Total  of  States 27,385,439         3,999,853 


233 


76  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 


POPULATION  OF  THE    TERRITORIES. 

Nebraska 28,893 

New  Mexico 93,024 

Utah 50,000 

Dakotah 4,839 

Washington 11,624 

District  of  Columbia 75,321 


Total  of  Territories 263,701 


RECAPITULATION. 

Free  population  in  all  States  and  Territories  in  United  States  27,649,140 
Slave  population 3,999,853 

Total  population 31,648,993 


DISCOVERIES  BY  THE  MICROSCOPE. 

* 

Leuwenhoeck  tells  us  of  animated  insects  seen  with  the 
microscope,  of  which  twenty-seven  millions  would  only  be  equal 
to  a  mite.  Insects  of  various  kinds  are  observable  in  the  cavi- 
ties of  a  common  grain  of  sand.  Mould  is  a  forest  of  beautiful 
trees,  with  the  branches,  leaves,  flowers,  and  fruit  fully  discerni- 
ble. Butterflies  are  fully  feathered.  Hairs  are  hollow  tubes. 
The  surface  of*  our  bodies  is  covered  with  scales  like  a  fish ;  a 
single  grain  of  sand  would  cover  150  of  these  scales,  and  a  sin- 
gle scale  covers  600  pores.  Yet  through  these  narrow  openings 
the  sweat  exudes  like  water  through  a  sieve.  How  minute  then 
must  be  its  particles !  The  mite  makes  500  steps  in  a  second. 
Each  drop  of  stagnant  water  contains  a  world  of  animated 
beings,  swimming  with  as  much  liberty  as  wliales  in  the  sea. 
Each  leaf  has  a  colony  of  insects  grazing  on  it  like  oxen  in  a 
meadow. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  77 

POPULATION  OF  THE  EARTH. 

x 

The  Directors  of  the  Statistical  Bureau  of  Berlin  furnish  the 
following  curious  statement :  The  population  of  the  whole 
earth  is  estimated  to  be  1,288,000,000,  viz.  Europe,  272,000,000; 
Asia,  755,000,000 ;  Africa,  200,000,000  ;  America,  50,000,000  ; 
and  Australia,  2,000,000.  The  population  of  Europe  is  thus 
subdivided  :  Russia  contains  62,000,000 ;  the  Austrian  States, 
36,398,620 ;  France,  36,039,364 ;  Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 
27,488,853;  Prussia,  17,089,407;  Turkey,  18,740,000;  Spain, 
17,518,000 ;  the  Two  Sicilies,  8,616,922 ;  Sweden  and  Norway, 
5,072,082  ;  Sardinia,  4,976,034  ;  Belgium,  4,607,066  ;  Bavaria, 
4,547,239;  the  Netherlands,  3,486,016;  Portugal,  3,471,199; 
the  Papal  States,  3,000,000;  Switzerland,  2,494,500;  Denmark, 
2,468,648.  In  Asia,  the  Chinese  empire  contains  400,000,000; 
the  East  Indies,  171,000,000;  the  Indian  Archipelago,  90,000,- 
000 ;  Japan,  35,000,000  ;  Hindostan  and  Asiatic  Turkey,  each 
15,000,000.  In  America,  the  United  States  are  computed  to 
contain  23,191,876;  Brazil,  7,677,800;  Mexico,  7,661,520. 
In  the  several  nations  of  the  earth  there  are  335,000,000  of 
Christians,  of  whom  180,000,000  are  Catholics,  80,000,000 
Protestants,  and  76,000,000  followers  of  the  Greek  Church. 
The  number  of  Jews  amounts  to  5,000,000 ;  of  these,  2,890,750 
are  in  Europe,  viz.  1,250,000  in  European  Russia;  853,304  in 
Austria;  234,248  in  Prussia;  192,107  in  other  parts  of  Ger- 
many; 62,470  in  the  Netherlands;  33,953  in  Italy;  73,995  in 
France ;  35,000  in  Great  Britain  ;  70,000  in  Turkey.  The 
followers  of  Asiatic  religions  are  estimated  at  600,000,000 ; 
Mohammedans  at  160,000,000;  and  Heathens  (the  Gentiles  pro- 
per) at  200,000,000. 


IN  the  tongue  of  the  right  whale  there  are  from  300  to  800 

gallons  of  oil ! 


SOMETHING  ABOUT  DRY  GOODS. 

Of  all  the  passions  that  possess  mankind, 
The  love  of  novelty  rules  most  the  mind ; 
In  search  of  this,  from  realm  to  realm  we  roam, 
Our  fleets  come  fraught  with  every  folly  home. 


FOOTE. 


At  what  time  the  trade  in  dry  goods  became  a  separate  branch 
of  merchandise,  it  is  difficult  to  determine.  The  Romans  had 
separate  mechanical  and  mercantile  fraternities,  from  which  the 
modern  guilds  traceable  to  the  tenth  century  have  descended. 
But  the  dry  goods  trade  as  at  present  organized  is  of  quite 
modern  origin,  neither  the  importer,  commission  merchant, 
jobber,  nor  retailer,  having  until  the  last  few  years  confined  him- 
self exclusively  to  the  sale  of  dry  goods.  This  may  be  easily 
accounted  for  by  considering  the  immense  increase  during  the 
last  few  years  in  the  consumption  of  these  goods,  which  has  at 
the  present  moment  rendered  this  trade,  considered  as  a  branch 
of  commerce,  one  of  the  most  important  of  any  now  existing 
in  the  country.  It  controls  a  greater  amount  of  capital,  employs 
a  larger  number  of  persons,  and  distributes  a  greater  value  of 
commodities  than  any  other  branch  of  mercantile  pursuit. 
Take  for  example  the  marble  palaces  of  the  dry  goods  mer- 
chants of  New  York,  and  then  go  through  the  cities,  towns, 
and  villages  in  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  country,  and  you 
will  find  the  list  of  dry  goods  merchants  far  larger  than  that  of 
any  others  engaged  in  the  sale  of  any  other  specialty  of  mer- 
chandise. In  the  smaller  towns  and  villages  the  name  of 
"  merchant"  is  always  associated  with  one  who,  whatever  else 
he  may  sell,  is  sure  to  have  a  good  assortment  of  dry  goods. 
There  are  certainly  "merchant  princes"  among  those  engaged 
in  other  branches  of  business,  but  in  capacity,  energy,  and 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  79 

aggregate   wealth,  the   dealers   in   dry   goods   as  a  class   are 
emphatically  the  merchants  of  our  day  and  country. 

An  assortment  of  dry  goods  may  be  classed  under  five 
principal  headings,  viz.  woollens,  cottons,  silks,  linens,  and  mis- 
cellaneous, but  these  embrace  an  almost  exhanstless  variety  of 
articles,  and  it  requires  a  long  apprenticeship  in  each  branch  to 
attain  anything  like  an  accurate  judgment  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  the  public  as  to  quality  and  style,  and  in  this  respect 
is  much  more  difficult  to  acquire  than  any  other  mercantile  or 
mechanical  pursuit 

To  enable  our  readers  more  thoroughly  to  understand  this, 
we  will  give  them  the  benefit  of  our  experience  on  a  recent 
visit  paid  to  one  of  the  largest  dry  goods  merchants  of  New 
York.  We  allude  to  the  firm  of  C.  W.  &  J.  T.  Moore  &  Co., 
at  Nos.  326,  328,  and  830  Broadway.  The  senior  partner  of 
this  house  has  been  in  the  business  forty  years,  but  the  firm 
under  its  present  title  was  not  formed  until  1836,  and  is  now  • 
composed  of  the  following  members  : — Chauncey  W.  Moore, 
Jno.  T.  Moore,  Wm.  M.  Bobbins,  Emmor  K.  Haight,  Joseph 
N.  Ely,  Chauncey  W.  Brown,  Joseph  B.  Lockwood,  and  Wm. 
R.  Dean. 

They  are  importers  and  jobbers  of  foreign  and  domestic  silks, 
cloths,  vcstings,  dress  goods,  prints,  hosiery,  linens,  white  goods, 
every  description  of  American  heavy  staple  goods,  and  last, 
although  not  least,  that  "  olla  podrida"  known  by  the  title  of 
Yankee  notions.  The  house  they  occupy  is  on  the  site  of  the 
old  Broadway  Theatre,  built  and  owned  by  Judge  Whiting,  five 
stories  in  height,  of  white  marble,  in  the  purest  style  of  Norman 
architecture.  It  has  a  frontage  of  seventy-five  feet  on  Broad- 
way, extending  backwards  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet, 
and  then  at  right  angles  in  the  form  of  a  T  spreading  to  Worth 
street  with  a  frontage  of  seventy-five  feet,  running  from  the 


80  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

main  store  fifty  feet,  while  the  extension  to  Pearl  street  is 
seventy-five  feet,  with  a  frontage  of  twenty-five.  The  whole 
space  embraced  in  this  immense  area  is  eighteen  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  feet.  But  this  detail  of  the  measurement 
fails  to  give  any  idea  of  the  splendid  "coup  d'ffiil"  presented  of 
the  interior  of  the  store  as  viewed  from  the  rear  of  the  main 
building,  showed  most  strongly  by  the  powerful  vertical  light 
of  the  immense  skylight.  Looking  towards  Broadway  between 
two  rows  of  Corinthian  iron  pillars  supporting  the  ceiling,  forty- 
three  in  all,  and  said  to  "be  the  largest  ever  used  for  the  purpose, 
we  see  a  most  tempting  display  of  goods.  There  are  the  tasty 
dainty  fabrics  of  muslin ;  the  innumerable  variety  of  dress 
goods,  formed  of  every  conceivable  material,  derived  from  all 
parts  of  the  world;  the  inimitable  silks,  the  products  of  the 
French  looms  ;  the  solid,  durable  articles  of  England  ;  the  cheap 
and  useful  goods  of  Germany,  and  the  thousand  and  one  varie- 
.  ties  of  American  manufacture  in  dry  goods.  Turning  our  eyes 
towards  Worth  street  we  see  still  more  goods,  and  on  the  north 
side,  commanding  a  view  of  the  whole  store,  a  line  of  busy 
clerks  inclosed  in  a  glass  case,  where  all  the  records  of  the 
transactions  of  the  house  are  kept.  This  is  the  counting  house ; 
beyond  we  have  several  other  partitions,  which  are  the  private 
offices  of  the  members  of  the  firm,  while  at  the  extreme  end  is 
a  luxuriously  fitted  up  parlor,  furnished  with  the  daily  papers, 
and  every  convenience  for  writing,  for  the  use  of  the  customers 
of  the  house.  Turning  our  eyes  once  again  in  the  opposite 
direction  towards  Pearl  street,  we  come  upon  the  Yankee  notion 
department ;  but  we  can't  describe  them — Yankee  notions  can't 
be  described — let  the  reader  imagine  every  article  he  has  any 
idea  of,  and  he  will  be  a  long  way  off  from  the  true  conception 
of  the  variety  of  Yankee  notions.  They  must  be  seen  to  be 
imagined.  In  this  wing  there  is  also  a  very  commodiously 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  81 

fitted  up  room  for  the  use  of  the  employe's  of  the  house  for 
Dreading  or  writing  during  their  leisure  hours.  We  have  thus 
briefly  and  imperfectly  described  the  first  floor  of  this  establish- 
ment, but  our  impression  on  entering  was  that  it  would  be 
appreciated  as  a  perfect  paradise  by  the  Misses  Flora  MoFlimsy 
and  friends,  could  they  only  gain  access  to  it,  but  they  are 
rigidly  excluded.  Facing  each  entrance  is  a  notice,  no  goods 
sold  at  retail.  We  think  this  a  piece  of  cruelty  on  the  part 
of  Messrs.  Moore  &  Co.,  deserving  the  severest  reprehension, 
which  should  be  immediately  attended  to  by  "the  woman's 
rights  convention,"  who  might  pass  a  series  of  resolutions  con- 
demnatory of  such  cruelty. 

Having  done  the  first  floor,  we  will  now  descend  to  the  base- 
ment. Under  the  sidewalk,  which  is  lighted  by  means  of 
illuminated  tiles,  and  also  on  the  Broadway  front  of  the  build- 
ing, is  the  white  and  domestic  goods  department,  whilst  in  the 
rear,  extending  from  Pearl  to  Worth  street,  two  hundred  feet 
in  length,  are  the  packing  rooms.  Here  all  goods  are  received, 
charged,  packed,  and  shipped,  and  this  room  is  a  scene  of  con- 
stant activity,  the  admirable  system  enforced  in  the  house 
enabling  the  clerks  to  get  through  an  amount  of  work  which 
would  appear  incredible  to  the  uninitiated.  From  the  basement 
we  descend  to  the  sub-cellar,  which  is  used  for  the  storage  of 
whole  packages,  and  is  capable  of  containing  many  thousands. 
Under  the  sidewalk  in  Worth  street  are  the  boilers  employed 
for  heating  the  whole  of  the  building,  and  for  propelling  the 
engines  employed  in  elevating.  The  whole  three  floors  are 
lighted  by  gas,  of  which  there  are  employed  three  hundred 
burners.  The  fixtures  on  the  first  floor  are  of  peculiar  beauty, 
harmonizing  with  the  general  architecture  of  the  building,  and 
when  the  whole  forty  chandeliers  on  that  floor  are  in  use,  with 
their  one  hundred  and  sixty  jets,  they  form  a  perfect  blaze  of  light. 

4*    " 


82  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Our  friends  in  the  country  may  from  this  hasty  sketch  gather 
a  partial  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this  trade,  and  should  they^ 
visit  this  city  they  can  gain  a  better  knowledge  by  inspecting 
for  themselves.  We  can  insure  them  a  courteous  welcome  by 
Messrs.  Moore  &  Co.,  from  whom  we  received  every  information 
on  the  subject  their  experience  commanded. 


SIXPENCE  A  DAY. — There  is  now  an  old  man  in  an  almshouse, 
in  Bristol,  England,  who  states  that  for  sixty  years  he  spent 
sixpence  a  day  in  drink,  but  was  never  intoxicated.  A  gentle- 
man who  heard  this  statement,  was  somewhat  curious  to  ascer- 
tain how  much  this  sixpence  a  day,  put  by  every  year,  at  5  per 
cent.,  compound  interest,  would  amount  to  in  sixty  years. 
Taking  out  his  pencil,  he  began  to  calculate — putting  down  tb^e 
first  year's  savings  (365  sixpences)  £9  2s.  6d.,  he  added  the 
interest,  9s.  l£d.,  and  thus  went  on,  year  by  year,  until  he 
found,  that  in  the  sixtieth  year  the  sixpence  a  day  reached  the 
startling  sum  of  £3,225  16s.  8d.  Judge  of  the  old  man's  sur- 
prise when  told,  that  had  he  saved  his  sixpence  a  day,  and 
allowed  it  to  accumulate  at  compound  interest^  he  might  now 
have  been  worth  the  above  noble  sum  ;  so  that,  instead  of 
taking  refuge  in  an  almshouse,  he  might  have  comforted  himself 
with  a  house  of  his  own,  costing  £700,  and  fifty  acres  of  land, 
worth  £50  an  acre,  and  have  left  the  same  as  a  legacy  among 
his  children  and  grandchildren. 


LAW  POINT. — What  is  the  difference  between  an  attempted 
homicide  and  a  hog  butchery  ?  One  is  an  assault  with  intent 
to  kill,  and  the  other  is  a  kill  with  intent  to  salt. 


PIANO-FORTES. 

There's  music  in  the  sighing  of  a  reed ; 
There's  music  in  the  gushing  of  a  rill ; 
There's  music  in  all  things  if  men  had  ears ; 
Their  earth  is  but  the  echo  of  the  spheres. 

BYRON. 

In  no  one  branch  of  the  industrial  arts  has  greater  improve- 
ment been  made,  or  more  demand  created,  than  in  the  article 
of  piano-fortes.  This  is  a  gratifying  evidence  that  while  our 
country  has  been  increasing  enormously  in  wealth,  we  have  still 
the  time  and  the  inclination  to  .study  the  fine  arts;  that,  how- 
ever much  the  American  may  love  the  "  almighty  dollar,"  his 
love  is  not  exclusively  confined  to  that  alone. 

The  manufacture  of  piano-fortes  in  New  York  city  has  within 
the  last  five  years  nearly  doubled  itself,  there  being  at  the 
present  moment  a  capital  of  about  $3,000,000  employed  in  it, 
while  in  other  parts  of  the  country  the  increase  has  been  in  a 
corresponding  ratio,  and  we  see  no  appearance  of  any  diminu- 
tion of  demand,  but  on  the  contrary  new  establishments  are 
constantly  springing  up. 

One  of  the  most  celebrated  establishments  in  New  York  for 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  piaJio-fortes  is  that  of  Messrs. 
Lighte  &  Bradburys,  now  reputed  to  be  one  of  the  largest, 
wealthiest,  and  most  reliable  in  the  country.  The  origin  of  this 
house  affords  a  striking  example  of  the  results  which  inevitably 
flow  from  a  patient,  persevering,  and  upright  course  in  business. 
Over  thirty  years  since,  Mr.  Ferdinand  Lighte,  whose  name  now 
heads  the  firm,  with  no  other  reliance  than  his  own  mechanical 
ability,  commenced  business  with  one  single  piano-forte,  which 
he  made  entirely,  in  all  its  branches,  with  his  own  hands.  The 
construction  of  this  instrument^  in  all  its  details,  imparted  to 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  85 

Mr.  Lighte  a  knowledge  of  all  that  was  necessary  to  constitute 
a  piano  perfect  and  entire,  in  every  particular.  The  thought 
and  attention  thus  given  to  his  early  efforts,  have  since  been 
closely  followed  up,  and  by  a  continued  course  of  patience, 
energy,  and  ability,  in  which  he  has  been  ably  assisted  by  all 
the  members  of  the"  firm,  a  confidence  has  been  established  in 
favor  of  Lighte  &  Bradburys'  manufactures  which  is  equalled 
by  none.  Mr.  Lighte's  experience  of  thirty  years  enables  him 
to  give  his  personal  inspection  to  the  minutize  of  each  instru- 
ment, during  its  whole  course  of  construction,  without  which 
no  instrument  is  allowed  to  leave  the  establishment,  and  war- 
rants to  the  purchaser  the  possession  of  every  new  and  valuable 
improvement  in  the  piano-forte,  while  the  well-earned  and  world- 
wide musicaf  reputation  of  the  Messrs.  Bradbury  is  a  sufficient 
guarantee  of  their  superior  excellence.  The  superiority  of  their 
instruments  is  sufficiently  guaranteed  by  the  highest  order  of 
testimonials  in  the  musical  profession — 'such  as  Thalberg,  Dr. 
Mason,  Strakosch,  Timm,  Gottschalk,  and  numerous  others. 
Their  manufacturing  facilities  are  not  excelled,  if  equalled,  by 
any  in  this  country.  They  are  producing  upwards  of  twenty- 
five  instruments  per  week,  employing  a  force  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  men,  and  a  powerful  steam  engine,  which  drives  some 
twenty  different  machines  for  forwarding  the  work  in  an  exact 
and  more  perfect  manner  than  it  can  be  done  by  hand,  while  a 
large  number  of  hands  are  employed  temporarily,  such  as 
workers  in  pearl,  and  artists  engaged  in  decorating  to  suit  the 
peculiar  tastes  of  the  fastidious.  The  materials  from  which  the 
instruments  are  made,  are  seasoned  in  drying  rooms  especially 
suited  to  the  purpose,  without  which  necessary  precaution  no 
instrument  can  successfully  withstand  the  variableness  of  our 
climate.-  It  may  be  proper  to  remark  here  thatthe  same  care 
and  attention  are  bestowed  upon  the  plain  and  lower-priced 


86  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BORK. 

instruments  as  upon  the  more  costly  ones.  The  mechanique,  or 
action,  is  made  in  so  perfect  a  manner  that  the  most  delicate 
expressions  in  music  can  be  effectively  accomplished,  and  the 
most  powerful  interpretations  of  modern  compositions  can  be 
rendered  without  laborious  effort  to  the  performer.  The  many- 
improvements  they  have  introduced  in  the  modus  operandi  of 
their  manufactory,  enable  the  proprietors  to  defy  competition  in 
any  specialty  of  their  business. 

Wherever  their  instruments  are  known,  they  have  a  com- 
manding reputation,  whether  in  regard  to  the  excellence  of  the 
materials  used,  the  perfection  of  their  mechanism,  their  super- 
ficial embellishments,  or  their  combined  power,  sweetness,  and 
flexibility  of  tone.  It  is  proper  to  remark,  that  parties  at  a 
distance  ordering  from  this  house,  may  rest  assured  that  they 
will  be  dealt  with  as  liberally  and  fairly  as  if  personally  present, 

'Among  the  many  improvements  in  the  piano-forte  made  by 
this  firm,  the  patent  insulated  iron  frame  takes  the  first  position 
of  any  modern  invention.  The  insulators  placed  between  the 
iron  frame  and  wooden  portion  of  the  piano-forte  prevent  the 
tinny  or  metallic  quality  of  tone  so  justly  complained  of  in  the 
ordinary  use  of  the  iron  frame,  and  give  freedom  to  the  vibra- 
tory portions  of  the  instrument,  thereby  insuring  a  durability 
hitherto  unattained,  while  the  singing  quality,  power,  and  rich- 
ness of  tone  are  greatly  enhanced.  Thus  it  is  appreciated  by 
the  most  eminent  musicians  as  the  greatest  improvement  of  the 
age  ;  and  so  confident  are  the  manufacturers  of  its  superiority, 
that  they  warrant  these  instruments  without  limit  as  to  time. 

The  large  capital  employed  by  this  firm,  and  the  perfect 
system  with  which  every  detail  of  the  manufacturing  depart- 
ment is  attended,  insure  to  the  purchaser  of  a  Lighte  &  Brad- 
burys'  patent  insulated  full  iron  frame  piano-forte  the  best  and 
cheapest  instrument  manufactured  in  this  country  or  Europe. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  87 

Strangers  visiting  New  York  should  not  neglect  the  oppor- 
tunity of  visiting  the  beautiful  and  spacious  warerooms  of  the 
firm,  421  Broorne  street,  which  are  at  all  times  filled  with  a 
large  and  varied  assortment  of  pianos. 


NEW  DESTRUCTIVE  AGENT  IN  WAR. — Chloride  of  nitrogen 
has  long  been  known  to  chemists  as  the  most  terrible  detonating 
compound  in  existence,  so  much  so  that  it  was  considered  dan- 
gerous to  experiment  with  particles  larger  than  a  grain.  Mr. 
Baggs,  an  English  chemist,  who  has  discovered  a  method  for 
manufacturing  it  in  large  quantities,  with  perfect  safety,  assures 
the  English  government,  that  one  cask  of  it  would,  if  conveyed 
into  the  midst  of  the  largest  city,  instantly  destroy  it.  It 
ignites  by  contact  with  oil,  and  a  slow  match  may  be  placed  in 
a  cask  of  the  explosive  compound  in  the  shape  of  a  capsule, 
which  the  oil  would  dissolve  by  the  time  the  operator  had 
escaped  to  a  safe  distance. 


The  Stock  Exchange  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  features 
of  London  wealth.  The  government  securities  alone,  and 
which  constitute  the  national  debt,  amount  to  $4,500,000,000 ; 
the  railway  stocks  to  $1,500,000,000;  those  of  the  Bank  of 
England  to  $150,000,000;  to  other  banks  to  $350,000,000; 
employed  in  discounting,  $380,000,000  ;  and  besides  this,  there 
are  shares  in  canals,  foreign  lands,  &c.,  to  an  almost  unlimited 
amount.  The  stock  market  is  very  susceptible  of  being  influ- 
enced by  political  events.  The  day  that  it  was  rumored  that  • 
Russia  and  France  had  formed  an  alliance,  bonds,  &c.,  depre- 
ciated $250,000,000,  and  seventy  firms  suspended. 


THE  OIL  TRADE. 

She  comes  majestic  with  swelling  sails, 

The  gallant  bark ;  along  her  watery  way 
Homeward  she  drives  before  the  favoring  gales, 

Now  flu-ting  at  their  length  the  streamers  play. 

SOUTHEY. 

Many  reliable  and  interesting  facts  might  be  adduced  to  illus- 
trate the  value  of  this  highly  important  and  indispensable 
branch  of  trade,  but  want  of  space  precludes  the  possibility  of 
our  giving  anything  more  than  a  mere  summary  of  statistics 
and  events.  The  United  States  tonnage  employed  in  the  whale 
fishery,  in  the  year  1817,  was  4,871  tons.  It  ha$  since  then 
increased,  until  in  1859  the  aggregate  was  198,593  tons.  The 
whole  number  of  vessels  then  employed  in"  the  whale  fishery, 
from  ports  in  the  United  States,  is  560  ships  and  barks,  19 
brigs,  45  schooners,  including  195,115  tons  against  587  ships 
and  barks,  18  brigs,  and  49  schooners,  including  203,148  tons 
in  the  previous  year.  The  importations  of  sperm  oil,  during 
the  year  1858,  in  barrels,  were  81,941;  whole  182,223,  and 
1,540,600  pounds  of  whalebone. 

The  foreign  whale   and  other  fish  oils,  imported  in  1857-8 
amounted  in  value  to  $18,470. 

The  importations  of  sperm  oil,  in  1858,  amounted  in  all  to 
81,941  barrels,  and  of  whale  oil,  to  182,223  barrels. 

EXPORTS  OF  OIL. 

SPERM  OIL.         WHALE  OIL. 
Bbls.  £bls. 

In  1856 :...  20,052 971 

"  1857 37,231 17,407 

"  1858 33,336 19,503 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

The  stock  of  sperm  oil  in  the  United  States,  on  the  1st  of 
January,  1859,  amounted  to  17,176.  barrels;  that  of  whale  oil 
to  83,375  barrels.  The  vessels  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery 
are  owned  in  the  following  states : 

STATES.         Ships  and  Barks.     Brigs.          Schrs.          Tonnage. 

Massachusetts 465 14  ......  32 159,303 

Connecticut 54 3 11 22,756 

New  York 24 2 2 9,219 

Rhode  Island 18 — — 5,837 


Total 561 19 45 195,115 

Of  this  number,  New  Bedford  alone  employs  316  ships  and 
barks.  In  this  beautiful  and  thriving  city,  the  oil  trade  is  car- 
ried on  upon  an  extensive  scale.  One  of  the  largest  and  most 
extensive  establishments  here,  is  that  of  the  well-known  firm  of 
Messrs.  HASTINGS  &  Co.  The  location  which  they  have  selected 
is,  in  all  respects,  the  most  desirable  in  that  vicinity,  having  a 
fine  wharf  400  feet  long,  which  takes  in  an  entire  street  on  each 
side  thereof.  Of  the  large  tract  of  land  which  they  have  appro- 
priated to  the  purpose  of  their  business,  not  less  than  three 
acres  are  inclosed.  This  inclosure  comprises  numerous  depart- 
ments, the  most  prominent  of  which  is  the  manufacturing 
department.  The  oil  which  is  purchased  in  its  crude  state  by 
the  cargo,  is  first  conveyed  to  the  works,  where  it  is  pumped 
into  immense  vats,  for  the  purpose  of  bleaching,  which  process 
is  accomplished  by  means  of  alkalies.  After  undergoing  the 
bleaching  process,  it  is  then  converted  into  what  is  known  as 
winter  oil.  After  being  conveyed  to  vats  above  by  means  of 
stationary  pumps,  it  is  run  thence  into  the  freezing  vaults,  or 
ice-house,  where  it  is  placed  in  tanks.  The  ice-house  has  a  capa- 
city for  freezing  1,000  barrels  at  a  time,  which  is  used  only 


90  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

during  the  warm  season  of  the  year.     The  next  process  is  that 
of  running  off  into  strainers,  and  thence  into  barrels  and  casks 
for  market.     In  the  upper  portion  of  the  works  are  numerous 
tanks,  and  immense  vats  capable  of  containing  from  800  to 
1,000  barrels.     Connected  with  the  establishment,  likewise,  is  a 
coopering  department,  and  commodious  sheds  for  the  storage  of 
stock ;  one  of  these  sheds  is  capable  of  containing,  and  is  usually 
filled  with  25,000  barrels  of  oil.     The  establishment  throughout 
is  supplied  with  the  best  improved  machinery,  and  is  unques- 
tionably one  of  the  most  important  and  complete  of  its  kind  in 
the  country.     This  firm  was  organized  in  1846,  and  comprises 
the  names  of  Messrs.  WAITSTILL,  GEORGE,  and  JOHN  HASTINGS, 
all  of  whom  have  been  practically  educated  to  their  business, 
and  are  familiar  with  it  in  all  its  details.     The  operations  of 
this  house  extend  to  all  sections  of  the  Union,  and  their  superior 
manufactures  of  oils  have  obtained  a  celebrity  unequalled  by 
that  of  any  other  house. 

HASTINGS    &    CO., 

MANUFACTURERS    OP 

OIL,  .AJSTD  C^ISTDLES, 

AND   DEALERS  IN 

CURRIERS'   OIL, 

154  FRONT  ST.,  cor.  of  Maiden  Lane, 

NEW     YORK. 

WAITSTILL  HASTINGS,  New  York  ) 

GEORGE  HASTINGS,  "          V     Manufactory  at  NEW  BEDFOBD. 

JOHN  HASTINGS,  New  Bedford.         ) 


MILLINERY  GOODS. 

As  lamps  burn  silent  with  unconscious  light, 
So  modest  ease  in  beauty  shines  most  bright ; 
Unaiming  charms  with  rays  resistless  fall, 
And  she  who  means  no  mischief)  does  it  all. 

AAEON  HILL. 

In  New  York  City  alone,  there  is  a  capital  employed  of  three 
millions  and  a  half  of  dollars  in  the  business  of  making  ladies' 
hats  and  caps  with  the  adjuncts  included  under  the  head  of 
millinery.  This  capital  is  employed  by  about  500  different 
establishments ;  these  employ  over  8,000  women  and  girls  in 
their  workrooms,  besides  giving  a  livelihood  to  about  1,000 
women  who  do  their  work  at  home.  It  will  be  a  fair  calcula- 

x 

tion  to  consider,  that  these  women  each  employ  two  girls,  many 
more  and  some  less,  but  the  average  will  be  about  that. 

Thus,  we  have  in  the  aggregate,  11,000  persons  employed  in 
this  trade,  but  this  does  not  represent  the  number  supported  by 
it.  Many  of  the  women  thus  employed  have  children,  some  have 
sick  brothers,  sisters,  and  husbands,  others  old  parents,  whose 
only  support  they  are ;  we  may,  therefore,  safely  assume,  that 
from  these  causes  at  least  1,500  more  may  be  added  to  the  list, 
making  a  total  of  12,500  persons  supported  by  this  one  busi- 
ness. 

We  recently  inspected  the  extensive  millinery  establishment  of 
Mr.  R.  M.  MITCHILL,  successor  to  R.  T.  WILDE  &  Co.,  occupy- 
ing the  whole  of  the  upper  floors  of  No.  251  Broadway.  Inde- 
pendent of  its  character  as  a  business  house,  it  possesses  attrac- 
tions which  render  it  well  worthy  of  a  visit  from  strangers. 

The  large  and  magnificent  stock  of  goods  contained  there,  is 
characterized  by  beauty,  novelty,  and  originality  of  design,  and 
exhibits, -in  an  eminent  degree,  the  skill  and  genius  of  the  artists 


92  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

engaged  in  their  production.  In  the  various  departments  of 
manufacture,  such  as  the  feather  making,  artificial  flower  mak- 
ing, bonnet  frame  making,  bonnet  finishing,  trimming,  &c.,  &c., 
there  are,  in  the  season,  over  500  hand.s  employed,  mostly  in 
the  house,  which  then  presents  a  scene  of  life  and  animation 
seldom  witnessed  ;  we  would  describe  it,  but  fear  our  pen  would 
fail  to  do  justice  to  the  scene.  Besides  this  business,  Mr. 
MITCHILL  is  well  known  throughout  the  country  as  an  extensive 
dealer  in  millinery  goods,  being  largely  engaged  in  the  manu- 
facture and  importation  of  straw  goods  in  every  variety,  silk, 
velvet,  and  fancy  bonnets,  French  flowers,  feathers,  ruches,  &c. 
Merchants  from  the  country,  visiting  New  York  to  make  pur- 
chases, will  be  amply  repaid  by  visiting  his  establishment  and 
devoting  a  few  hours  to  an  examination  of  the  various  depart- 
ments. No  other  establishment  jn  New  York,  in  the  same  busi- 
ness, presents  a  greater  variety  or  a  better  assortment  of  goods  ; 
and  such  are  the  facilities  of  the  house,  that  they  are  enabled 
to  offer  unusual  inducements  to  purchasers,  both  as  regards 
economy  in  price,  elegance  of  design,  and  quality  of  both  ma- 
terial and  workmanship.  Many  years'  experience  in  the  business 
has  enabled  Mr.  MITCHILL  to  thoroughly  understand  the  wants  of 
the  trade  for  the  various  seasons,  and  the  women  employed  in 
the  millinery  department  are  selected  for  their  skill  and  taste 
in  meeting  the  public  requirements.  "That  the  public  and  mer- 
chants dealing  with  him  have  fully  appreciated  these  qualities, 
his  present  prosperous  business  will  satisfy  all  who  pay  a  visit 
to  his  store  at  251  Broadway,  corner  of  Murray  street. 


r    A  piano  affords  a:  young  lady  a  good   chance  to  show  her 
fingering  and  her  finger-ring. 


SILVER  WARE. 

Gold  is  the  strength,  the  sinews  of  the  world, 
The  health,  the  soul,  the  beauty  most  divine  ; 
A  mask  of  gold  hides  all  deformities ;    . 
Gold  is  heaven's  physic,  life's  restorative. 

DECKER. 

Silver,  the  possession  of  which  forms  one  of  the  incentives 
to  the  pursuit  and  acquisition  of  wealth,  is  obtained  principally 
from  Mexico  and  Peru.  The  silver  mines  of  Mexico*  and  Peru 
far  exceed  in  value  the  whole  of  the  European  and  Asiatic 
mines ;  for  we  are  told  by  Uumboldt,  that  these  mines,  in  the 
space  of  three  centuries,  afforded  316,023,883  pounds  troy  of 
pure  silver ;  and  he  remarks  that  this  quantity  would  form  a 
solid  globe  of  silver,  91,206  English  feet  in  diameter.  Mr. 
Helms  is  of  opinion  that  the  Andes,  if  properly  examined, 
would  afford  silver  enough  to  overturn  our  present  commercial 
system,  by  making  silver  as  common  as  copper.  Silver  has  also 
been  obtained  from  some  of  the  lead  mines  of  Great  Britain. 
Bishop  Watson,  in  his  "  Chemical  Essays,"  notices  the  silver 
which  was  produced  from  the  lead  mines  in  Cardiganshire.  Sir 
Hugh  Middleton  is  said  to  have  cleared  two  thousand  pounds 
sterling  a  month,  and  that  this  enabled  him  to  undertake  the 
great  work  of  bringing  the  New  River  from  Ware  to  London. 

Some  conception  of  the  amount  of  silver  consumed  in  the 
United  States  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  in  the  year 
1858  its  importation  amounted  to  $689,533  for  the  port  of  New 
York.  Other  ports,  $6,616,016.  Total,  United  States,  $7,305,- 
549. 

German  Silver  (improperly  so  called)  is  nothing  more  than 
the  white  copper  long  known  in  China,  and  does  not  contain  a 
particle  of  silver ;  it  is  only  an  alloy  of  copper,  metal,  and 


94  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

nickel.  Amalgam  of  silver  is  sometimes  used  for  plating.  It 
may  be  important  to  state,  in  this  connexion,  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  using  plated  goods  and  pure  silver 
ware,  that  coal  gas  is  highly  injurious  to  them,  on  account  of 
the  sulphuretted  hydrogen,  which  they  contain. 

A  large  prortion  of  silver  is  annually  diverted  from  the  pur- 
poses of  coin  to  those  of  ornament  and  luxury.  The  manufac- 
ture of  sterling  silver  ware  has  of  late  years  grown  to  a  con- 
siderable extent,  and  has  now  become  an  important  branch  of 
trade.  Among  the  oldest  and  most  reliable  houses  engaged  in  this 
branch  of  business,  may  be  classed  the  well-known  firm  of  GALE 
&  WILLIS,  whose  place  of  business  is  located  at  447  Broome 
street,  near  Broadway.  Their  beautiful  establishment  is  not 
only  a  source  of  profit  to  themselves,  but  of  immense  benefit  to 
the  community ;  for  the  unerring  principle  and  vast  scale  on 
which  their  business  is  conducted,  has  made  it  one  of  the  most 
popular  in  New  York.  The  manufacture  of  sterling  silver  is 
an  important  feature  of  the  establishment,  and  the  superb  full 
sets  of  plate  they  are  constantly  furnishing  throughout  the 
country,  are  an  evidence  of  their  great  superiority.  The  rich  and 
elegant  goods,  as  they  are  displayed  in  the  show  cases,  must  be 
seen  to  be  appreciated.  There  is  one  fact,  however,  which  we 
may  notice,  and  that  is,  that  the  patterns  and  styles  of  goods 
differ  materially  from  those  to  be  seen  at  any  other  establish- 
ment. Some  new  and  attractive  feature  is  constantly  produced, 
either  in  the  shape  of  some  exquisite  specimen  of  the  fine  arts, 
or  in  the  form  of  some  article  possessing  rare  value  and  beauty, 
such,  for  instance,  as  costly  and  magnificent  waiters,  epergnes, 
and  services  of  plate  of  rare  and  novel  designs. 

It  may  be  proper  to  remark  here  that  the  goods  of  this  house 
are  manufactured  upon  the  premises,  under  the  immediate  super- 
vision of  the  proprietors ;  for  which  purpose  they  have  a  large 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  95 

and  well-ordered  factory,  in  which  is  employed  a  force  of  from 
seventy  to  eighty  skilful  artisans,  who;  with  the  aid  of  the  most 
valuable  and  latest  improved  machinery,  are  constantly  produc- 
ing articles  which,  for  beauty  and  superiority  of  workmanship, 
cannot  be  equalled.  The  variety  of  articles  manufactured  is  too 
numerous  to  mention,  but  it  is  sufficient  to  state  the  stock  of 
Messrs.  GALE  &  WILLIS  comprises  every  article  usually  to  be 
found  in  establishments  of  this  kind.  The  house  also  sells  plated 
ware  of  foreign  and  domestic  manufacture,  and  gives  special 
attention  to  the  getting  up  of  prizes  for  State  and  county 
agricultural  fairs. 


BITUMENIZED  PAPER  PIPES. — M.  Taloureau,  of  Paris,  has 
devised  a  method  of  hardening  paper  under  the  influence  of 
hydraulic  pressure,  by  means  of  an  admixture  of  bitumen,  so 
that  it  may  actually  be  substituted  for  iron.  Experiments  to  test 
the  strength  of  these  pipse  have  been  conducted  under  the  great 
clock  tower  at  the  Houses  of  Parliament  in  London.   Two  of  the 
pipes,  of  five-inch  bore  and  half  an  inch  thick,  were-  subjected 
to  hydraulic  power,  and  they  are  said  to  have  sustained,  without  • 
breaking  or  bursting,  a  pressure  of  220  pounds  to  the  square 
inch,  which  is  equivalent  to  500  feet  head  of  water.     The  cost  of 
the  pipe  is  said  to  be  one-half  that  of  iron.     The  committee 
reported  that  "the  material,  possessed  all  the  tenacity  of  iron 
with   one-half  its  specific   gravity,   and   double   the   strength 
of  stone-ware  tubes,  without,  moreover,  being  liable  to  breakage 
as  in  the  case  of  the  other  material,  which  often  causes  a  loss  to 
the  contractor  of  some  20  to  25   per  cent,  on  the   supply." 
Besides  the  incalculable  utility  of  this  discovery,  it  surpasses  the 
recently-invented  paper  bricks,  or  the  paper  cannon  lined  with 
copper  which  the  Chinese  are  said  to  have  employed  for  years. 


HOTELS  IN  NEW  YORK. 

Astor  House,  Broadway,  bet.  Barclay  and  Vesey  streets. 

Bancroft  House,  904  Broadway. 

Barclay  Street  House,  West,  corner  Barclay. 

Bixby's  Hotel,  1  Park  Place. 

Bond  Street  House,  665  Broadway. 

Bowery  Hotel,  395  Bowery. 

Brevoort  House,  5th  Avenue,  corner  Clinton  Place. 

Brandreth  House,  Broadway,  bet.  Canal  and  Lispenard. 

Bull's  Head,  296  and  298  3d  Avenue. 

Clarendon,  4th  Avenue,  corner  East  18th  street. 

Clermont,  12  College  Place. 

Commercial,  73  Cortlandt  street. 

Dey  Street  House,  54  and  56  Dey  street. 

Earle's,  17  and  19  Park  Row. 

Eastern  Pearl,  309  Pearl  street. 

Everett  House,  Union  Square,  corner  4th  Avenue. 

Farmers',  247  Washington  street. 

French's,  City  Hall  Square,  cor.  Frankfort  street. 

Girard  House,  West  Broadway,  cor.  Chambers. 

Gramercy  House,  908  Broadway,  corner  20th  street. 

Gramercy  Park  House,  East  20th  st.,  near  3d  Avenue. 

Howard  House,  176  Broadway. 

Hungerford,  168  Duane  street. 

International,  Broadway,  corner  Franklin. 

Lafarge,  Broadway,  near  Amity. 

Lovejoy's,  31  Park  Row,  corner  Beekman  street. 

Manhattan,  5,  7,  9,  Murray  street. 

Merchants',  37,  39,  41,  Cortlandt  street. 

Metropolitan,  Broadway,  corner  Prince  street. 

National,  2  and  5  Cortlandt  street. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  97 

New  York,  723  Broadway. 

Northern,  79  Cortlandt  street. 

Pacific,  172  Greenwich  street. 

Prescott,  Broadway,  corner  Spring  street. 

Revere,  1085  Broadway. 

Smithsonian,  604  Broadway. 

St.  Denis,  Broadway,  corner  West  llth  street. 

St.  Germains,  corner  Broadway,  5th  Ave.  and  22d  st. 

St.  Nicholas,  515  Broadway. 

Tammany,  166  Nassau,  corner  Frankfort  street. 

United  States,' 200  Water  street. 

Union  Place,  14th  street,  corner  Broadway. 

Waverley,  697  Broadway. 

Western,  9,  11,  13  Cortlandt  street. 


The  crown  of  England  is  valuable  enough  to  found  half 
a  dozen  moderate  colleges.  The  twenty  diamonds  round  the 
circle  are  worth  $150,000  ;  two  large  centre  diamonds?  $20,000  ; 
fifty-four  smaller  diamonds  in  the  angle,  $270,000 ;  four 
crosses,  each  composed  of  twenty-five  diamonds,  $60,000 ; 
four  large  diamonds,  on  the  top  of  the  crosses,  $20,000;  twelve 
large  diamonds,  in  the  fleur-de-lis,  $50,000;  eighteen  small 
ones,  in  the  same,  $10,000  ;  pearls  and  diamonds,  in  the  arches 
and  crosses,  $50,000  ;  also  one  hundred  and  forty-six  small 
ones,  $25,000  ;  twenty -six  diamonds,  in  the  upper  cross,  $150,- 
000  ;  two  circles  of  pearls,  about  the  rim,  $15,000  ;  value  of 
precious  stones,  exclusive  of  metal,  $820,000. 


"  I  shall  be  indebted  to  you  for  life,"  as  the  man  said  to  his 
creditors  when  he  ran  away  to  Australia. 

5 


SEWING-MACHINES. 

Learning  is  an  addition  beyond 
Nobility  or  birth :  honor  of  blood 
"Without  the  ornament  of  knowledge,  is 
A  glorious  ignorance. 

SHIRLEY. 

The  Sewing-Machine  is  no  longer  an  experiment  to  be  tried, 
but  a  success  achieved,  with  benefits  far  exceeding  the  most 
sanguine  anticipations.  The  steam-engine,  and  the  magnetic 
telegraph  have  not  proved  more  beneficent  than  this,  in  its 
peculiar  department.  It  is  one  of  the  greatest  triumphs  the 
American  people,  have  achieved  in  the  mechanical  arts.  So 
fully  has  this  invention  commended  itself  to  public  favor,  that 
it  is  now  considered  indispensable  in  every  branch  of  industry 
requiring  sewing.  Its  introduction  marks  an  era  in  the  history 
of  woman.  Not  only  are  the  wants  of  the  housekeeper  met, 
but  the  sewing-machine  is  found  a  necessity  for  the  seamstress, 
dressmaker,  tailor,  manufacturers  of  shirts,  collars,  cloaks,  man- 
tillas, clothing,  hats,  caps,  corsets,  ladies'  gaiters,  linen  and  silk 
goods,  umbrellas,  parasols,  boots,  shoes,  harness,  bags,  uphol- 
stery, etc.  Some  of  these  branches  of  business  have  increased 
to  gigantic  proportions.  It  is  not  unusual  to  find  from  lOOto 
400  sewing-machines  used  in  a  single  manufactory.  An  esta- 
blishment in  New  Haven,  Ct.,  employs  upwards  of  400  WHEELER 
&  WILSON  machines  in  the  manufacture  of  shirts.  In  and 
about  Troy  3000  of  these  nincliines  are  used  in  the  same  busi- 
ness. Mothers  support  families  thereby,  and  young  women 
become  capitalists.  It  is.  not  unusual  to  find  the  owner  of  a 
sewing-machine  earning  from  £50  to  8100  per  month. 

Contrary  to  ]>reclictions,  the  needlewomen  have  been  greatly 
benefited  by  the  introduction  of  the  machine.  New  branches 


THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  99 

of  needlework  have  been  introduced,  and  the  old  ones  greatly 
extended,  resulting  to  the  operator  in  better  remuneration  and 
lighter  and  more  healthful  toil.  Indeed,  the  hygienic  import- 
ance of  the  sewing-machine  is  not  less  than  its  commercial. 
The  unhealthful  nature  of  ordinary  needle-work  is  proverbial. 
The  cramped  posture,  the  strain  of  the  eyes,  the  derangement 
of  the  digestive  organs,  lungs,  and  the  nerves,  over  a  monoto- 
nous task,  have  told  in-  fearful  effects  upon  the  health  and 
character- of  needlewomen.  The  best  medical  opinion  is,  that 
the  exercise  of  the  lower  limbs  in  operating  the  machine  is 
highly  invigorating. 

The  following  figures,  showing  the  number  of  machines  sold 
by  WHEELER  &  WILSON,  indicate  the  extent  and  increase  of 
their  business  for  seven  y%ars  :  1853,  799  machines;  1854, 
956;  1855,  1171  ;  1856,  2210;  1857,  4591;  1858,  7978: 
7859,  21,306.  Their  sales  now  exceed  the  combined  sales  of 
all  other  manufacturers  in  the  United  States. 

The  small  shop  of  this  Company  in  Watertown  in  1852, 
turning  out  eight  or  ten  machines  per  week,  and  an  obscure 
office  of  one  room  on  the  second  floor,  contrast  strongly  in 
1861  with  the  manufactory  at  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  covering  an 
area  of  nearly  four  acres  of  ground,  driven  by  immense  steam- 
power,  employing  an  army  of  mechanics,  capable  of  turning 
out  500  machines  per  day  (of  a  capacity  greater  than  all  the 
armories  of  the  United  States,  and  equalling  them  in  the  com- 
pleteness of  its  appointments),  and  the  office  and  sales-room, 
No.  505  Broadway,  extending  200  feet,  and  rivalling  in  finish 
and  adornment  the  halls  of  royalty,  and  visited  by  ladies  of 
the  highest  social  position,  with  agencies  in  the  principal  places 
throughout  the  country,  and  in  all  the  capitals  of  the  civilized 
world. 

There  is,  too,  a  corresponding  contrast  between  the  machines 


100-  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

manufactured  by  this  Company  now,  and  those  made  in  1852. 
Although  not  radically  changed  in  operation,  their  range  of 
application  has  been  greatly  extended,  and  for  completeness  of 
adaptation  for  family  sewing,  and  for  manufacturers  in  the 
same  range  of  purpose  and  material,  nothing  further  is  desired. 
The  successive  application  of  the  improved  tension  and  loop- 
check,  the  hemmer,  marker,  binder,  corder,  and  transparent 
cloth-presser,  shows  the  disposition  of  this  Company  to  give 
the  public  the  benefit  of  all  the  improvements  that  mechanical 
genius  produces  ;  while  the  machine  vies  in  artistic  finish  with 
the  piano  in  the  boudoir.  This  machine  is  unrivalled  for — 

1.  Beauty  and  excellence  of  stitch  alike  upon  each  side  of 
the  fabric  sewed. 

2.  Strength,  firmness,  and  durability  of  seam,  that  will  not 
rip  nor  ravel,  and  made  with 

3.  Economy  of  thread. 

4.  Its  attachments  and  wide  range  of  application  to  purposes 
and  materials. 

5.  Compactness  and  elegance  of  model  and  finish. 

6.  Simplicity  and  thoroughness  of  construction. 

7.  Speed,  ease  of  operation  and  management,  and  quietness 
of  movement. 

The  lock-stitch  made  by  this  machine  cannot  be  ravelled,  and 
presents  the  same  appearance  upon  each  side  of  the  seam,  a 
single  line  of  thread  extending  from  stitch  to  stitch.  It  is 
formed  with  two  threads,  one  upon  each  side  of  the  fabric,  and 
interlocked  in  the  centre  of  it.  In  beauty  and  regularity,  and 
in  the  firmness  of  the  seam  formed,  it  excels  hand-sewing. 

The  efficacy  of  this  machine  is  equal  to  about  ten  hands. 
The  WHEELER  &  WILSON  COMPANY  has  prepared  tables  show- 
ing, by  actual  experiments  of  four  different  workers,  the  time 
required  to  Btitch  each  part  of  a  garment  by  hand,  and  with 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  101 

their  sewing-machine.     Subjoined  is  a  summary  of  several  of 
the  tables :  — 

BY   MACHINE.  BY   HAND. 

Hours.  Minutes.  Hours.  Minutes. 

Gentlemen's  Shirts 1  16  14  26 

Frock  Coats 2  38  16  35 

Satin  Vests 1  14  7  19 

Linen  Vests 0  48  5  14 

Cloth  Pants, 0  51  5  10 

Summer  Pants 0  38  2  60 

Silk  Dress. 1  13  8  27 

Merino  Dress 1  4  8  27 

Calico  Dress 0  67  6  37 

Chemise 11  10  31 

Moreen  Skirt 0  35  7  28 

Muslin  Skirt 0  30  7  1 

Drawers 0  28  46 

Night  Dress 1  7  10  2 

SilkApron 0  15  4  16 

Plain  Apron 0  9  1  26 

KCMBXB  OF  8TITCHI8  MACK  PER  MINUTE. 

By  Hand.        With  Machine.        Ratio. 

Stitching  Fine  Linen 23  640  28 

"         Satin 24  520  22 

Silk 30  550  18 

Seaming  Fine  Cloth 38  594  16 

Patent  Leather,  fine  Stitching. . .   7  176  25 

Fitting  Ladies'  Gaiters 28  610  18 

Stitching  Shoe  Vamps 10  210  21 

Binding  Hats 33  374  11 

When  the  machines  are  driven  by  power,  the  ratio  is  much  higher — 
1500  to  2000  stitches  per  minute  not  being  an  unusual  average. 

Seams  of  considerable  length  are  ordinarily  sewed  with  the  best  ma- 
chines at  the  rate  of  a  yard  a  minute,  and  that,  too,  in  a  manner  far  supe- 
rior to  hand-sewing. 


102  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

The  importance  of  the  sewing-machine  to  the  manufactur- 
ing interests  of  the  United  States  is  estimated  at  $342,000,000 
annually.  The  annual  saving  by  the  machine  is  estimated  on 

Men's  and  Boys'  Clothing  in  New  York  city $7,500,000 

Hats  and  Caps *. 462,500 

Shirt  Bosoms 832,750 

Boots  and  Shoes  in  Massachusetts 7,500,000 

It  has  revolutionized  thirty-seven  distinct  departments  of 
manufactures,  and  in  no  branch  of  sewing  can  it  be  dispensed 
with  where  time  and  health  are  regarded. 


The  value  of  the  imports  of  the  free  states  during  the  fiscal 
year  1858-9,  was  $169,162,776  ;  and  the  exports  were  $295,- 
812,869.  The  imports  of  the  slave  states  were  $187,286,786, 
and  the  exports  $31,985,680.  Of  the  exclusive  southern  pro- 
duct, the  exports  from  the  United  States  were  as  follows  :  Cot- 
ton, $161,434,943;  tobacco,  $21,074,038;  sugar,  $574,869; 
molasses,  $75,699  ;  spirits  from  molasses,  $760,889  ;  tar,  $141,- 
058  ;  rosin  and  turpentine,  $2,248,281  ;  rice,  $2,207,148. 


Miss  Susan  Nipper,  who  lives  in  a  snug  tenement  alone,  was 
quite  flustrated,  the  other  morning,  by  an  early  call  from  a 
bachelor  neighbor.  "  What  do  you  come  here  after  ? "  said  she. 
"  I  came  for  a  match,"  says  he,  in  the  meekest  manner  possi- 
ble. "Why  don't  you  make  a  match  ?"  says  she,  "I  know 
what  you're  come  for,"  cried  the  apparently  exasperated  virgin, 
as  she  backed  him  into  a  corner,  "you're  come  here  to  hug 
and  kiss  me  almost  to  death  !  But  you  shan't,  without  you're 
the  strongest,  and  Lord  knows  you  are  ! " 


VIEW  OP  BERLIN   AND  JONES'S  FACTORY  (No.  1). 

ENVELOPES.  — THEIR    HISTORY,    USES,    PROGRESS 
OF  MANUFACTURE,  &c. 

Go,  ring  the  bells,  and  fire  the  guns, 

And  fling  the  starry  banner  out ; 
Shout  "  Freedom  "  till  your  lisping  ones 

Give  back  their  cradle  shout. 

WHTTTIEU. 

Envelopes,  as  postal  packages,  came  into  use  in  Great 
llritain  after  the  Act  of  Parliament,  August  17th,  1839,  regu- 
lating the  postage  by  weight  instead  of  the  number  of  pieces. 
Their  extreme  availability  was  early  detected  in  this  country, 
but  our  postal  laws  were  then  hampered  with  the  absurd  regu- 


104  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Cation  of  charging  for  number  of  pieces  instead  of  by  weight ; 
this  was  done  away  with  by  Act  of  Congress,  July  1st,  1845. 

In  1843,  the'  first  envelope  manufactory  was  established  in 
New  York,  by  a  Mr.  Pierson,  by  hand  process,  using  little  or 
no  machinery.  The  process  was  so  slow  as  to  make  the  cost 
too  great,  consequently  the  business  did  not  prosper,  and  was 
abandoned  for  a  time. 

In  1847,  Jacob  Berlin,  a  man  of  sagacity  and  enterprise, 
bought  out  Pierson,  and  commenced  the  manufacture  on  a 
large  scale,  and  with  more  improved  modes,  at  180  Fulton 
street,  New  York ;  but  still  the  business  did  not  prosper,  and 
for  a  time  he  was  discouraged.  But  by  energy  and  persever- 
ance he  at  length  succeeded  in  awakening  the  public  attention 
to  their  convenience  and  utility,  since  which  time  the  business 
has  continually  increased. 

In  1853,  Jacob  Berlin  retired,  and  was  succeeded  by  Wm. 
G.'West  and  H.  C.  Berlin,  who  constantly  increased  their 
manufacturing  facilities  till,  in  1856,  Mr.  West  also  retired, 
and  the  present  firm  of  BERLIN  &  JONES  was  formed. 

In  May,  of  that  year,  the  new  firm,  to  accommodate  its  im- 
mense business,  moved  its  salesrooms  to  134  William  street, 
where  they  still  remain,  commanding  and  directing  a  heavy 
trade.  So  greatly  had  the  business  increased  in  1857,  as  to 
compel  the  removal  of  the  factory  to  more  spacious  premises 
up-town  (see  cut  1),  where  they  have  facilities  for  producing 
400,000  per  day,  or  140,000,000  per  year,  of  every  size,  quality, 
and  kind  known  in  the  trade,  as  Business,  Legal,  Document, 
Detector,  Embossed,  Opaque  Silvered,  Wedding,  Mourning, 
Drug,  Pay,  Cloth-lined,  and  Business-illustrated  envelopes,  to- 
gether with  a  very  large  variety  of  Union  envelopes,  Litho- 
graph, Comic,  and  the  ordinary  Flag  styles,  at  from  two  dollars 
per  thousand  upwards.  At  the  salesroom,  a  stock  of  from  fif- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 


105 


teen  to  twenty  millions  is  always  kept  on  Land  to  answer  any 
demand.  Orders  come  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  the  Cana- 
das  and  Provinces,  South  America,  West  Indies,  East  Indies, 
and  even  from  Europe.  Prices  vary,  of  course,  with  quality, 
size,  &c., — running  from  sixty  cents  to  sixty  dollars  per  thou- 
sand. So  steady  has  been  the  demand,  that  even  during  the 
"panic"  (1857-8)  this  manufactory  did  not  discharge  any  of 
their  regular  hands. 

As  the  process  of  manufacturing  is  very  interesting,  we  will 
here  briefly  advert  to  it : — A  fine  steel  cutter,  or  die,  does  the 
work  of  cutting,  the  steam  power  applied  being  a  two-horse 
power,  which  forces  the  cutter  through  from  three  hundred  to 


VIKW    OF   Of.MMIXCr    ROOM   (*O.    2). 

five  hundred  sheets  at  one  application.    These  s-hcvts  are  m;;du 

. 


106 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 


of  specific  surfaces  for  special  kinds  and  sizes  of  envelopes,  so 
that  in  cutting  them  there  may  be  very  little  waste.  When 
cut,  the  open  form  of  the  envelope  is  carried  to  the  "gummer," 
who  gums  the  lappets  with  the  adhesive,  generally  made  of 
dissolved  gum  Arabic.  A  good  hand  will  gum  from  fifty  to 
sixty  thousand  per  day. 

After  gumming,  the  still  open  envelopes  are  placed  in  a 
series  of  sliding  shelves  to  dry.  By  the  aid  of  hot  air  applied 
through  steam  pipes,  the  drying  occupies  but  a  few  moments. 
They  are  then  borne  to  the  folding  machine,  through  which 


VIEW   OF   FOLDING    KOOM   (NO.   3). 


they  are  passed  witli  great  rapidity,  coming  out  perfectly  shaped 
and  closed,  ready  for  the  counter's  hands,  who  counts  and 
bands  them  into  packages  of  twenty-five,  after  having  discarded 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 


107 


VIEW   OF   FOLDINi;    MACHINE   (NO  4). 


any  that  may  not  be 
perfectly  folded  and 
finished.  With  every 
second  of  time,  an  en- 
velope must  be  fed  to 
the  insatiate  arms 
which  extend  to  re- 
ceive it,  then  with- 
drawn into  the  machine 
where  the  side  and 
bottom  flap  are  pasted 
and  folded  over  with 
unerring  precision,  and 
pressed  ^  down  to  a 
perfect  point  upon 
the  three  impinging  edges — the  fourth  flap  being  folded  over, 
but  left  unsealed.  This  is  all  done  in  a  mere  moment  of  time, 
and  the  envelope  drops  upon  the  table  before  the  counter, 
ready  for  the  bands  and  packing-box.  Twenty -five  are  put  in 
a  package,  and  twenty  packages  in  a  box — making  five  hun- 
dred in  each  box. 

The  imperfect  from  any  cause  are  laid  aside,  and  afterwards 
sorted,  packed,  and  sold  as  inferior  quality.  There  is  a  count- 
ing apparatus  attached  to  the  folding-machine  ;  but  as  it  counts 
both  good  and  bad,  it  is  not  used,  as  the  manufacturers  allow 
no  imperfect  work  to  go  out  as  perfect. 

The  quantity  of  paper  consumed  in  the  manufacture  is  enor- 
mous. A  large  number  of  mills  make  paper  exclusively  for 
this  business,  employing  many  hundreds  of  people  and  heavy 
capital.  The  firm  of  UKKLIN  <fc  JONES,  alone,  consume  from  m.- 
to  icn  tons  of  mill  paper  p<T  week,  in  their  business  !  This 
amount  is  sometimes  much  e.ve"<l<'<],  as  in  the  case  of  heaw 
extra  orders. 


108  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

The  trade,  living  at  a  distance,  who  require  supplies,  in  any 
amount,  have  only  to  write  to  the  manufacturers  (Messrs.  BERLIN 
&  JONES,  No.  134  William  street,  New  York),  for  samples  and 
accompanying  prices,  when  they  will  be  furnished  with  the 
samples  by  which  to  make  any  order. 


THE  SALT  TRADE. — The  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  have  fur- 
nished one  of  the  first  and  permanent  elements  of  business  in 
Oswego.  As  early  as  the  year  1818,  the  manufacture  and 
shipments  of  the  article  to  this  port  were  quite  extensive,  and 
constituted  the  important  branch  of  commercial  business  in  the 
contracted  facilities  at  that  time.  In  that  season,  the  receipts 
of  salt  at  Oswego  were  36,000  barrels,  of  which  26,000  barrels 
went  to  Lake  Erie  by  portages  around  Niagara  Falls.  In  1819, 
the  receipts  of  salt  were  47,000  barrels — the  increase  of  trade 
thus  early  commenced  on  a  large  ratio ;  of  this  amount,  29,000 
barrels  passed  west,  and  18,000  barrels  went  to  ports  on  this 
lake  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  At  this  period,  the  freight  on 
salt  from  Salina  to  Oswego  was  fifty-two  cents  per  barrel ; 
warehouse  charges  at  Oswego  five  cents ;  from  Oswego  to  Lew- 
iston  thirty-one  cents ;  and  by  the  portages  around  the  Falls  to 
Black  Rock  fifty-two  cents — making  the  cost  of  transporting 
the  article  from  Salina  to  Black  Rock,  or  Fort  Erie  on  the 
Niagara  River,  $1 .40  per  barrel,  $9.85  per  ton.  The  price  of 
salt  at  Oswege  at  that  time  ranged  at  about  $1.50  per  barrel. 
Salt  now  passes  from  Syracuse  to  Chicago,  or  any  of  the  upper 
lake  ports,  at  eight  to  thirteen  cents  per  barrel,  according  to 
the  demand  for  ballast  at  Oswego. 


"Tom,  what  in  the  world  put  matrimony  into  your  head  ?" 
"  Well,  the  fact  is,  I  was  getting  short  of  shirts!  " 


CLOTHS,  CASSIMERES,   &c. 

"Each  climate  needs  what  other  climes  produce, 
And  offers  something  to  the  general  use." 

Amongst  the  many  branches  of  manufacturing  industry  that 
have  engaged  the  attention  of  American  capitalists  of  late  years, 
none  is  more  important  and  few  have  made  more  rapid  strides 
than  the  manufacture  of  woollen  goods.  In  1858,  the  official 
returns  of  this  trade  gave  the  following  result : 

Establishments, 1559 

Capital  invested, $28,118,650 

Raw  material  used,  wool,  Ibs, 70,862,829 

"  "  Coal,  tons, 46,370 

Hands  employed,  males, 22,678 

"  "  females, 16,574 

Producing  an  annual  value  of  products  of  $43,207,545 

Most  of  these  goods  were  for  men's  wear,  and  a  large  portion 
of  them  consisted  of  coarse  and  light  common  fabrics,  the  finer 
kinds  of  cloths,  cassimeres,  doeskins,  being  mostly  imported,  but 
since  then  we  have  made  a  most  rapid  advance,  especially  in  the 
latter  qualities. 

In  I860,  it  was  estimated  that  the  annual  product  of  the 
woollen  factories  exceeded  $60,000,000,  and  by  means  of  im- 
proved machinery,  many  of  the  goods,  especially  in  doeskins 
and  cassimeres,  compared  favorably  with  the  best  products  of 
European  looms,  and  we  doubt  not  in  a  few  years,  if  the  manu- 
facturers will  only  do  as  the  European  manufacturer  does,  give 
time  and  attention  to  the  finishing  of  their  goods,  and  not  be  in 
too  great  a  hurry  to  take  them  off  their  looms  and  get  them 
into  market,  wes  hall  be  able  to  produce  woollen  goods  equal  in 


110  THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK. 

quality  to  any  that  Europe  can  show.  At  present,  however,  we 
have  still  to  import  quite  largely;  the  returns  of  woollens  im- 
ported in  1860  into  the  port  of  New  York,  alone  amounting  to 
nearly  $20,000,000. 

Amongst  the  many  houses  exclusively  engaged  in  the  busi- 
ness of  cloths,  cassimeres,  vestings,  and  goods  for  men's  wear 
generally,  we  may  mention  the  firm  of  SULLIVAN,  RANDOLPH  & 
BUDD,  late  Wilson  G.  Hunt  &  Co.,  as  one  of  the  largest  and 
oldest  established  in  the  trade.  Their  beautiful  and  elegantly 
constructed  warehouses  at  Nos.  30,  32,  34,  and  36  Park  Place 
(corner  of  Church  street),  was  erected  by  the  firm  expressly  for 
their  own  use  at  a  cost  of  $85,000,  covers  an  area  of  46  by  100 
feet,  and  is  five  stories  high.  -It  is  of  piire  white  marble,  and  is 
universally  admired  for  its  outward  architectural  beauty  and  its 
internal  convenience.  It  is,  beyond  doubt,  one  of  the  most  sub- 
stantially constructed  and  best  arranged  warehouses  in  the 
country* 

This  firm  have  many  styles  exclusively  their  own  and  have 
the  best  facilities,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  for  obtaining  the 
latest  novelties.  They  have  a  house  in  Europe  under  the  man- 
agement of  one  of  the  firm,  from  whom  they  are  constantly 
receiving  the  most  desirable  goods  in  the  market.  Each  mem- 
ber of  the  firm  having  h'ad  many  years'  experience  in  the  busi- 
ness, and  being  in  connexion  with  some  of  the  first  manufacto- 
ries of  the  country,  they  have  obtained  facilities  that  enables 
them  to  secure  and  confine  many  of  the  best  kinds  of  cassimeres, 
vestings,  and  coatings,  to  their  own  sales  exclusively. 

Merchants,  merchant  tailors,  and  clothiers,  will  always  find  at 
this  house  a  large  and  well-selected  stock  of  cloths,  'doeskins, 
cassimeres,  vestings,  trimmings,  and  such  like  articles  for  men's 
wear  ;  and  the  reputation  they  have  acquired  during  the  many 
years  they  have  been  in  business,  will  be  a  sufficient  guarantee 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  Ill 

that  both  the  price  and  quality  of  the  articles  purchased  will  be 
found  to  compare  favorably  with  any  other  establishment.  We 
append  the  card  of  the  house.' 

SULLIVAN,  RANDOLPH  &  BUDD, 

SUCCESSORS  TO 

WILSON    G.    HUNT    &    CO. 

Importers  and  Commission  Merchants, 

GOODS     FOR    MEN'S     WEAR, 

NOS>    SO,   33,    34,    AND    36    PARK    PLACE, 

N.  SULLIVAN.         )  ( J.  P.  HALSTED. 

P.  P.  RANDOLPH.   X    N  F  W    YORK      •!  W.  V.  BROKAW. 
W.  A.  BUDD.         )  '    ( J.  H.  CLARK. 


A  new  motive  power  has  just  been  tried  with  success  in 
Paris  : — an  engine  that  dispenses  with  boiler,  chimney,  and  the 
usual  accessories,  and  economizes  besides  a  saving  of  over  30 
per  cent,  in  steam.  The  machine  utilizes  the  expansion  caused 
in  cold  air  by  the  spark  of  induction  in  a  proper  volume  of 


"  Marriage/'  said  an  unfortunate  husband,  "  is  the  churchyard 

of  love." 

"  And  you  men,''  replied  tlic  not  less  unhappy  wife,  "are  the 

gnu  (.'-dithers.'' 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

Crowns  have  their  compass,  length  of  days  their  date, 
Triumphs  their  tomb,  felicity  her  fate ; 
Of  naught  but  earth  can  earth  make  us  partaker, 
But  knowledge  makes  a  king  most  like  his  Maker. 

SHAKSPEAEE. 

Man's  inventive  genius  has  during  the  last  few  years  been 
highly  prolific  in  producing  many  rare  and  ingenious  specimens 
of  labor-saving  machines,  but  in  no  direction,  we  think,  has 
that  genius  been  so  productive  of  real  genuine  benefit  as  in  the 
production  of  the  various  machines  now  in  successful  use  by  the 
fanner  and  planter.  As  agriculture  affords  occupation  to  nearly 
three-fourths  of  the  population  of  the  United  States,  and 
employs  as  much  capital  as  all  other  pursuits  combined,  it  is 
natural  that  the  mind  of  the  inventor  should  be  attracted 
towards  it  as  opening  a  large  field  for  his  genius  to  work  upon, 
and  hence  the  production  of  the  steam-plough,  the  harvester, 
the  cultivator,  the  threshing-machine,  corn-sheller,  and  others 
too  numerous  to  mention. 

In  the  purchase  of  agricultural  implements  it  is  especially 
desirable  that  farmers  do  not  incur  more  expense  than  is  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  the  proper  management  of  the  farm ;  but 
at  the  same  time  it  will  be  well  to  bear  in  mind  that  the  oft 
repeated  assertion  that  the  "  best  is  the  cheapest  "  will,  as  here- 
tofore, be  found  a  perfect  truism.  Farmers,  however,  are  not 
the  only  persons  interested  in  this  matter.  Country  merchants 
are  equally  so ;  for,  if  they  desire  the  prosperity  of  their 
respective  neighborhoods,  they  will  take  pleasure  in  introducing 
any  invention  that  promises  to  be  productive  of  general  benefit, 
remembering  always  that  what  they  see  on  their  periodical 
visits  to  the  large  cities  their  neighbors  at  home  have  not  the 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  113 

opportunity  of  knowing  anything  about  unless  introduced  to 
their  notice  by  themselves. 

Two  machines,  the  invention  of  the  last  few  years,  deserve 
the  particular  attention  of  the  practical  farmer,  viz.  Whitcomb's 
Spring-Tooth  Horse-Rake,  and  Kirby's  Combined  Reaper  and 
Mower. 

Whitcomb's  Rake  overcomes  all  objections,  and  is  particu- 
larly adapted  for  raking  hay  on  the  light  porous  soil  of  the 
prairies,  as  the  teeth  pass  lightly  over  without  ploughing  into 
the  soil.  It  is  a  superior  rake  for  gleaning  grain  fields,  as  the 
teeth  are  gauged  in  a  moment  so  as  to  pass  just  above  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  taking  up  the  grain  clear  from  dirt  and 
stones,  and  will  be  found  valuable  in  gleaning  after  the  Har- 
vester. It  is  simple  in  construction,  and  will  rake  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  acres  of  hay  per  day  easier  than  any  other  rake. 

The  distinctive  feature  of  Kirby's  Combined  Reaper  and 
Mower,  and  that  which  renders  this  Harvester  the  best  in  the 
market^  is  their  ability  to  work  on  rough  ground,  which  is  accom- 
plished by  the  independent  action  of  the  finger  bar,  which  freely 
rises  and  falls  in  following  thtj  inequalities  of  the  ground  inde- 
pendently of  the  driving-wheel.  This  independent  action  gives 
the  machine  so  many  advantages  on  smooth  as  well  as  rough 
ground  that  it  has  distanced  all  other  machines,  which  will 
soon  have  to  be  abandoned.  Indeed,  they  are  now  being 
offered  for  sale  at  anything  they  will  fetch,  as  farmers  who  have 
seen  or  used  Kirby's  Harvester  will  not  have  any  other. 

The  agents  in  New  York  for  both  these  machines  are  Messrs. 
GRIFFING,  BRO.  &  Co.,  who  invite  farmers  and  planters  to 
inspect  them  at  their  store,  the  North  River  Agricultural  and 
Seed  Warehouse,  No.  60  Cortlandt  street,  New  York,  where 
they  have  constantly  on  hand  every  description  of  Ploughs,  Har- 
rows, Cutters,  Fans,  Spades,  Hoes,  and  other  farm  implements, 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

together  with  the  best  assortment  of  Seeds,  selected  from  the 
best  growers  with  the  utmost  care.  They  would  also  especially 
call  the  attention  of  farmers  to  their  No.  1  PERUVIAN  GUANO, 
which  they  warrant  to  be  genuine,  as  purchased  from  the 
Peruvian  Government  Agents.  So  many  frauds  have  been 
practised  of  late  years  in  this  article,  by  the  mixing  of  worth- 
less guano  or  earth  with  the  genuine  and  then  packing  it  in 
second-hand  guano  bags  filled  to  the  weight  coi-responding  with 
the  government  stamp  upon  them,  that  farmers  cannot  be  too 
cautious  in  making' their  purchases.  They  will  find  the  genuine 
article,  at  the  lowest  market  price,  at  GRIFFINO,  BROTHER  & 
Co.,  60  Cortlandt  street,  New  York,  who  are  the  largest 
dealers  in  it  in  the  city.  They  have  also  always  on  hand  Land 
Plaster,  Ground  Bone,  Superphosphate  of  Lime,  and  other  fer- 
tilizers. 


In  addition  to  the  great  coal  fields  of  Pennsylvania,  15,400 
square  miles,  Illinois  and  Virginia  possess  together  65,000 ; 
while  Kentucky  and  Ohio  furnish  34.400  square  miles  of  unde- 
veloped coal,  and  Southern  and  Western  States  yield  27,100. 
All  Europe  together  has  only  17,400  square  miles  of  coal  sur- 
face, of  which  11,850  belong  to  Great  Britain,  and  of  the 
40,000,000  tons  annually  produced  there,  only  6,918,195  tons 
were  exported  last  year. 


The  effect  of  climate  on  the  human  system  is  shown  in  a 
striking  manner  by  the  inhabitants  of  Australia,  who  in  the 
course  of  two  or  three  generations  lose  the  corpulent  character 
of  Englishmen,  and  become  a  tall,  gaunt,  rawboned  race,  like 
the  inhabitants  of  our  Southern  States. 


THE  ART  INSTITUTIONS. 

THE  DUSSELDORF  GALLKRT,  removed  to  625  Broadway,  has  for 
some  years  past  been  a  popular  resort  for  the  lovers  of  the  fine 
arts.  Its  collection  embraces  the  works  of  many  great  masters. 

THE  BRYAN  GALLERY.,  OR  GALLERY  OF  CHRISTIAN  ART, 
•which  is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Thirteenth- 
street,  contains  a  very  valuable  collection  of  original  pictures 
of  high  merit. 

THE  NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  DESIGN,  directed  and  con- 
trolled by  an  association  of  artists  and  amateurs,  have  an  annual 
exhibition  of  the  works  of  living  artists,  during  the  months  of 
April,  May,  and  June. 

THE  FREE  FINE  ART  GALLERY  OF  MESSRS.  WILLIAMS,  STE- 
VENS &  WILLIAMS,  353  Broadway,  is  likewise  worthy  of  notice, 
from  the  fact  that  it  contains  at  all  times  a  rich  collection  of 
pictures,  engravings,  and  other  works. 


CHESS  AND  BILLIARD  SALOONS. 

The  popularity  into  which  the  truly  rational  and  intellectual 
games  of  billiards  and  chess  have  grown  within  the  past  few 
years  is  fully  evidenced  in  New  York  by  the  large  number  of 
places  which  have  been  exclusively  appropriated  to  these  scien- 
tific amusements.  For  the  benefit  of  those  seeking  recreation 
of  this  character,  we  name  a  few  only  of  the  leading  establish- 
ments. 

PHELAN'S  BILLIARD  SALOONS. — The  proprietor  of  these 
saloons  is  extensively  known  throughout  the  country  as  the 
inventor  and  patentee  of  "  Phclan's  Billiard  Tables  and  Com- 
bination Cushions ;"  and  his  knowledge  of  the  beautiful  art, 


116  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

both  practical  and  theoretical,  is  supposed  to  excel  that  of  any 
man  now  living.  This  attractive  establishment  is  located  at 
No.  786  Broadway,  and  is  daily  visited  by  gentlemen  of  dis- 
tinction from  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  combines  three  spacious 
rooms,  110  by  50  feet,  fitted  up  in  an  elegant  manner,  and  pro- 
vided with  thirty  tables  of  the  most  approved  construction. 

There  are  many  other  large  and  attractive  billiard  saloons,  of 
highly  respectable  character,  among  which  we  name  : 

HONE  HOUSE,  corner  Great  Jones  street  and  Broadway,  four 
tables. 

COLUMBIA  ROOMS,  P.  D.  Kilduff,  proprietor,  946  Broadway, 
nine  tables. 

UNION  SQUARE  ROOMS,  C.  O'Connor,  proprietor,  60  and  62 
East  Fourteenth  street,  twenty-two  tables. 

PHELAN'S  ROOMS,  corner   Tenth  street   and   Broadway,  M. 
Phelan,  proprietor,  twenty-seven  tables. 

LAFAYETTE  HALL,  opposite  Metropolitan  Hotel,  Broadway, 
John  Cleveland,  superintendent,  ten  tables. 

REEVES'  ROOM,  214  Broadway,  Captain  Reeves,  proprietor, 
eleven  tables. 

KAVANAGH  &  FREEMAN,  140  Fulton  street,  five  tables. 

BILLIARD  HALL,  14  and  16  Fourth  avenue,  Peter  Braisted, 
proprietor,  eight  tables. 

HIGGINS'  ROOM,  corner  57th  street  and  Third  avenue,  two 
tables. 

ROBERTS'  ROOM,  "  Times  "  Building,  Mr.  Roberts,  proprietor, 
five  tables. 

EPPSTEIN'S  ROOM,  Fourth  avenue,  cor.  19th  street,  four  tables. 


In  all  matters,  except  a  little  matter  of  the  tongue,  a  woman 
can  generally  hold  her  own. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  117 

AMUSEMENTS  AND  POPULAR  RESORTS. 

New  York  is  the  headquarters  of  theatres,  concerts,  lectures, 
and  miscellaneous  enjoyments,  and  affords  to  pleasure  seekers 
every  opportunity  for  the  gratification  of  their  peculiar  tastes. 
With  a  view  of  facilitating  the  operations  of  strangers  visiting 
New  York  in  pursuit  of  enjoyment,  we  propose  briefly  to  point 
out  some  of  the  prominent  and  legitimate  places  of  resort, 
leaving  each  one,  of  course,  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  inclina- 
tions. We  commence  with  the 

THEATRES. 

In  no  other  city  in  the  world  than  New  York  can  theatrical 
entertainments  be  enjoyed  with  as  much  satisfaction.  Specta- 
cles are  put  upon  the  stage  utterly  regardless  of  expenditure, 
while  the  performers  employed  comprise  the  highest  talent  of 
our  own  country,  as  well  as  that  of  Europe.  Among  the  many 
magnificent  temples  dedicated  to  the  drama,  we  enumerate 
LAURA  KEENE'S  VARIETIES,  located  at  622  Broadway.  This 
establishment  is  justly  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  its  interior 
arrangements,  the  excellence  of  its  company,  and  for  the  superb 
manner  in  which  its  productions  are  placed  upon  the  stage. 

WALLACE'S  THEATRE  (now  the  Broadway  Music  Hall),  at 
485  Broadway,  is  well  conducted,  and  a  favorite  resort. 

NIBLO'S  GARDEN,  in  Broadway,  corner  of  Prince  street,  has 
always  been  a  very  fashionable  resort.  It  is  capable  of  con- 
taining two  thousand  persons,  and  its  interior  arrangements 
bespeak  much  taste  and  elegance. 

THE  WINTER  GARDEN  is  a  magnificent  structure,  situated  at 
641  Broadway. 

BOWERY  THEATKK  is  at  46  Bowery. 


118  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

NEW  BOWERY,  in  the  Bowery,  above  Canal-street. 

BARNUM'S  AMERICAN  MUSEUM  is  on  the  corner  of  Broadway 
and  Ann  street. 

THE  NATIONAL  THEATRE  is  in  Chatham  street,  near  Roosevelt. 

LAURA  KEENE'S  THEATRE,  624  Broadway. 

Besides  these,  there  are,  a  French  Theatre  at  585  .Broad- 
way, and  several  German  theatres  in  the  Bowery,  the  prin- 
cipal one  of  which  is  known  as  the  "  STADT  THEATRE." 

THE  ACADEMY  OF  Music,  or  Italian  Opera  House,  is  situated 
on  the  corner  of  Fourteenth  street  and  Irving  Place.  During 
the  operatic  season  the  highest  order  of  foreign  talent  is 
employed,  at  salaries  which  would  almost  seem  to  preclude  the 
possibility  of  rendering  it  a  source  of  profit  to  its  manager ; 
but  the  enterprise  thus  far  has  been  well  sustained. 

CANTERBURY  Music  HALL,  585  Broadway. 

THE  MELODEON  CONCERT  HALL,  539  Broadway.  One  of 
the  most  popular  resorts  for  general  entertainment  in  New  York. 


CUBA. 

The  population  of  Cuba  is  estimated  at  1,130,000,  of  which 
nearly  550,000  are  white  inhabitants,  180,000  free  colored, 
400,000  slaves,  and  38,000  Asiatics  and  Indians.  The  sugar 
estates  are  immensely  productive.  Twenty-three  of  the  princi- 
pal plantations,  comprising  about  100,000  acres  of  land  and 
10,175  slaves,  are  valued  at  $15,000,000.  These  twenty-three 
estates  produced,  in  1859,  235,000  boxes,  the  worth  of  which 
was  four  dollars  each  box,  making  in  all  $4,700,000.  There 
are  sixteen  hundred  sugar  plantations  in  Cuba,  the  exported 
products  of  which  amount  to  $50,000,000  per  annum. 


MAW  &  CO.'S  TILES  FOR  FLOORS. 

Not  enjoyment,  and  not  sorrow, 

Is  our  destined  end  or  sway ; 
But  to  act  that  each  to-morrow 

Finds  us  further  than  to-day. 

LONGFELLOW. 

Of  the  many  attempts  to  meet  modern  architectural  require- 
ments in  the  production  of  a  paving  material  capable  of  com- 
bining appropriate  design  with  extreme  hardness  and  conse- 
quent durability,  few  have  hitherto  succeeded  so  as  to  bear 
comparison  with  the  finest  specimens  of  ancient  tesselated 
work,  or  with  its  more  useful  mediaeval  representative,  the 
Geometrical  Mosaic,  known  as  Opus  Alexandrinum,  of  which 
numerous  interesting  examples  are  still  extant,  not  only  as  pave- 
ments, but  on  the  interior  and  exterior  surfaces  of  walls,  in 
panels,  tablets,  pilasters,  plinths,  pedestals,  string-courses,  friezes, 
&c.,  on  edifices  bearing  date  from  the  time  of  Constantine  the 
Great  down  to  a  comparatively  modern  period.  The  great 
beauty  of  such  fragmentary  illustrations  of  the  art  as  time  has 
spared  leads  us  to  regret  those  technical  imperfections  which 
have  induced  the  destruction  of  an  infinite  number  of  graceful 
examples.  It  is,  on  this  account,  truly  unfortunate  that  the 
materials  generally  composing  them  were  either  too  soft  to 
wear  or  too  hard  to  work  into  tesserae  of  correct  form. 

By  the  application  of  modern  science,  both  chemical  and 
mechanical,  to  peculiarly  suitable  mineral  materials,  MAW  &  Co. 
are  not  only  enabled  to  produce  tesserae  free  from  either  of  the 
ancient  imperfections  of  softness  of  texture  or  inaccuracy  of 
outline,  but  manufacture  forms  which  the  materials  of  the 
ancient  pavements  rendered  almost  unattainable. 

With  regard  to  the  question  of  cost  and  economy,  it  must 


120  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

be  borne  in  mind  that  MAW  &  Co.'s  pavements  are  as  durable 
as  the  building  of  which  they  form  in  every  respect  a  consistent 
portion.  They  are  more  easily  kept  clean  than  any  other  kind 
of  floor,  and  entail  no  subsequent  expense  for  those  perishable 
ornamental  and  protective  coverings,  the  frequent  renewal  of 
which  in  a  few  years  involves  an  outlay  exceeding  the  price  of 
a  choice  specimen  of  mosaic. 

These  tiles  are  adapted  to  halls,  porches,  porticoes,  2^ssages, 
conservatories,  footpaces,  gangways,  verandas,  balconies,  hearths, 
exterior  and  interior  wall  panels,  tablets,  plinths,  skirtings,  pedes- 
tals, pilasters,  string-courses,  risers  of  steps,  friezes,  (fee.,  and 
while  being  as  durable  as  marble,  are  capable  of  a  variety  of 
combinations  of  color  unattainable  in  marble,  and  of  a  variety 
in  pattern  which  could  only  be  furnished  in  marble  at  three  or 
four  times  the  expense.  Of  the  advantages  of  tiles  over 
oil-cloth  for  vestibules  and  halls  it  is  only  necessary  to  say,  that 
in  addition  to  the  greater  facility  of  cleaning  them,  and  the 
fact  that  the  wear  never  obliterates  the  pattern  or  affects  the 
surface,  the  necessity  of  renewing  an  oil-cloth  within  two  or 
three  years  makes  the  expense  of  covering  the  floor  more  than 
the  original  cost  of  a  beautiful  tile  pavement,  which  never 
requires  renewing  or  repairing. 

The  interest  manifested  in  the  manufacture  of  tiles  is  shown 
by  the  increasing  demand  for  them,  which  has  been  so  great  as 
to  oblige  the  manufacturers  to  double  the  size  of  their  works 
(already  the  largest  in  the  world)  during  the  last  year.  A  brief 
account  of  the  manufacture  may  be  appropriate  in  this  connexion. 

The  manufacture  consists  of  two  distinct  branches,  which  are 
essentially  different  in  nearly  the  whole  of  their  processes. 
Firstly,  the  making  of  encaustic  tiles,  or  those  inlaid  with  a 
pattern  of  two  colors,  which  is  the  reproduction  of  an  art 
limited  in  mediaeval  times  to  church  decorations,  but  now  hav- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  121 

ing  a  much  more  extended  application.  Secondly,  the  manu- 
facture of  plain  tiles  and  tessera)  of  a  uniform  color  used  iu  the 
construction  of  geometrical  mosaic  pavements,  similar  in  cha- 
racter to  those  found  in  the  mediaeval  buildings  in  Italy  ;  also 
moresque  and  tesselated  mosaics  similar  to  those  occurring  in 
Pompeii  and  almost  all  Roman  remains  in  England  and  on  the 
continent.  The  materials  employed  in  both  processes  are  nearly 
identical,  and  consist  for  the  most  part  of  the  clays  and  marls 
of  the  Shropshire  coal-measures,  England.  These,  without  any 
coloring  matter,  together  with  the  clays  from  the  south  of  Eng- 
land, form  the  red,  buff,  and  fawn-colored  tiles ;  and,  in  con- 
nection with  different  proportions  of  oxides  of  iron  and  manga- 
nese, the  black,  chocolate,  and  grey  tiles.  The  white,  and  all 
the  richer  colored  tiles  and  tesserae,  are  formed  of  a  species  of 
porcelain  or  parian,  the  white  left  uncolored,  and  the  blues  and 
greens  covered  with  oxides  of  chrome  and  cobalt.  The  prepara- 
tion of  what  is  technically  called  the  body  of  the  tile,  which 
is  the  first  process  in  the  order  of  manufacture,  consists  in  mix- 
ing the  constituent  clays  and  other  materials  with  water,  and 
commingling  and  purifying  them  by  passing  them  in  a  semi- 
liijuid  state  through  a  sieve  made  of  the  finest  lawn,  containing 
between  10,000  and  15,000  perforations  to  the  square  inch. 
All  the  coarse  particles  are  by  this  means  removed,  and  the 
texture  of  the  clay  rendered  perfectly  fine  and  even,  as  well  as 
greatly  adding  to  the  brilliancy  of  the  color.  The  semi-liquid 
purified  clay  is  then  dried  on  what  is  termed  the  slip-kilns,  if  for 
the  manufacture  of  encaustic  or  inlaid  tiles,  to  a  plastic  state  ; 
or  for  plain  or  self-colored  tiles,  perfectly  dry  and  hard.  It  is 
at  this  point  that  the  two  processes  diverge  and  are  essentially 
different;  but  as  the  space  of  this  article  will  not  permit  a 
detailed  account  of  the  subsequent  processes,  it  merely  remains 
to  mention,  to  those  who  are  mterested  in  statistics,  that  the 

6 


122  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

manufacture  consumes  every  year  about  1500  tons  of  coal,  and 
from  1100  to  1200  tons  of  clay,  and  various  materials  entering 
into  the  composition  of  the  tiles,  out  of  which  between  20,000 
and  30,000  square  yards  of  tiles,  tesserae,  and  mosaics  are  manu- 
factured, composed  of  700  or  800  distinct  shapes,  sizes,  and 
colors.  A  considerable  proportion  is  sent  to  America,  India, 
and  the  Colonies.  Among  the  principal  works,  MAW  &  Co. 
have  executed,  or  have  in  hand  abroad,  are  the  pavements  of 
the  entrance  hall  of  the  new  University  of  Toronto  ;  also  nearly 
the  whole  of  Osgoode  Hall,  Toronto,  laid  by  their  own  men 
sent  out  for  the  purpose ;  the  entrance  hall  of  the  Hong  Kong 
Club  ;  deck-house  and  other  parts  of  the  steam  yacht  Said,  for 
the  Pasha  of  Egypt ;  Jessore  Church,  Bengal ;  the  ground  floor 
of  the  new  General  Post-Office,  Calcutta ;  and  the  Cathedral 
of  Spanish  town,  Jamaica.  The  tiles  are  especially  suitable 
fop  warm  climates  in  providing  cool  floors,  and  at  the  same 
time  are  not  too  cold  in  northern  latitudes,  as  from  the  nature 
of  the  material  the  heat  is  retained  for  a  long  time  when  the 
house  is  warmed. 

Messrs.  MAW  &  Co.  have  an  agency  at  No.  93  Liberty  street, 
New  York,  where  specimens  of  their  manufacture  may  be  seen, 
and  where  any  information,  price  lists,  and  specimen  books  can 
be  obtained  by  addressing  CHARLES  D.  GAMBRILL,  agent. 


Several  important  improvements  in  the  construction  of  wet 
gas-meters  have  been  adopted  in  England,  which  are  said  to 
render  them  accurate  indicators  of  the  quantity  of  gas  passed 
through  them  without  regard  to  any  variation  of  the  water 
level.  It  is  now  well  known  that  the  common  American  meters 
are  not  accurate  indicators  of  the  quantity  of  gas  that  passes 
through  them. 


LIFE  INSURANCE 

Art  is  long,  and  time  is  fleeting, 
And  our  hearts,  though  stout  and  brave, 
Still,  like  muffled  drums  are  beating 
Funeral  marches  to  the  grave. 

LONGFELLOW. 

So  much'has  been  written  about  Life  Insurance  and  so  many 
people  have  experienced  the  benefits  of  it,  that  we  shall  content 
ourselfes  on  the  present  occasion  with  simply  giving  the  re- 
corded opinion  of  two  most  eminent  men,  and  a  few  reasons 
why  every  one  having  family  connexions  should  avail  him- 
self of  its  benefits. 

The  late  Lord  Lyndhurst,  Chancellor  of  England,  said:  "A 
policy  of  Life  Insurance  is  always  an  evidence  of  prudent  fore- 
thought, and  no  man  with  a  dependent  family  is  free  from  re- 
proach if  his  life  is  not  insured,  it  is  the  exercise  not  only  of 
prudence  but  benevolence  as  well."  Prof,  de  Morgan,  in  his 
opinion  of  Life  Insurance  Companies,  concludes,  "  On  the  whole, 
we  cannot  consider  these  institutions  in  any  other  light  than  as 
great  public  benefits,  of  which  almost  any  class  may  avail  them- 
selves with  advantage  to  their  rising  families."  Independently 
of  such  opinions  from  such  high  authorities,  Life  Insurance  is  a 
prudential  measure  in  view  of  securing  peace  of  mind,  not  only 
in  sickness,  but  in  native  business  life.  Again — we  believe 
many  men  in  limited  circumstances  have  'had  their  lives  sacri- 
ficed to  anxiety  of  mind.  When  taken  sick  they  would  not 
send  for  a  doctor  or  take  the  necessary  remedies  because  they 
could  not  afford  it — they  had  made  no  provision  for  their  wives 
or  little  ones  and  could  not  bear  to  spend  money,  which  in  the 
event  of  their  death  would  be  so  much  needed — had  they 


124  THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

appropriated  a  small  sum  yearly  in  paying  for  a  life  policy,  how 
much  racking  anxiety  would  be  spared  them. 

In  a  business  point  of  view  it  possesses  equal  advantages,  it 
is  a  sum  of  money  yearly  put  out  at  interest,  and  should  death 
deprive  a  man  of  his  family,  can  always  be  sold  for  nearly  the 
amount  paid  on  it.  It  is  also  useful  as  a  collateral  in  business 
transactions. 

One  thing  must  always  be  borne  in  mind  in  effecting  an  In- 
surance, that  is  to  see  it  done  in  an  office  whose  system  of  busi- 
ness and  standing  is  a  guarantee  of  security  and  prompt  pay- 
ment of  losses.  In  this  respect,  amongst  the  many  to  b£  found 
in  New  York,  the  Connecticut  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company 
of  Hartford  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  amongst  the  first  in  extent 
of  business. 

This  Company,  organized  in  1846,  on  a  system  entirely 
Mutual,  furnishes  Insurance  in  all  the  various  forms,  and  to 
meet  all  the  various  contingencies  for  which  Life  Insurance  is 
desired,  at  the  actual  cost  to  the  policy  holder.  There  is  no 
Stock  or  Guaranty  Fund,  to  absorb  the  profits,  but  all  the  sur- 
plus is  annually  allocated  to  the  policy  holders,  in  proportion  to 
the  amount  of  the  premium  they  pay,  and  may  be  appro- 
priated to  the  payment  of  renewal  premiums,  after  the  first  four 
years. 

It  offers  abundant  security,  in  a  large  accumulated  Fund, 
derived  from  Premiums,  amounting  to  over  Three  and  a  Half 
Millions. 

Its  economy  in  the  management  of  business  permits  large 
dividends  to  policy  holders,  which  have  averaged  50  per  cent, 
per  annum. 

Its  Dividends  are  annual,  and  are  paid  during  the  life  of  the 
assured,  in  cash  to  those  who  pay  their  premiums  in  cash,  or 
applied  in  cancelling  the  notes  of  those  who  pay  their  premium 


THE  UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  125 

partly  by  note.  Nearly  $200,000  have  been  thus  refunded  to 
policy  holders  during  the  past  year. 

It  is  prompt  in  payment  of  losses. 

It  has  few  directors,  and  these  are  always  at  their  post  at 
weekly  meetings.  It  has  an  auditing  committee  appointed 
yearly,  who  meet  and  check  the  accounts  weekly,  thus  afford- 
ing every  safeguard  to  insure  the  policy  holders  from  loss,  and 
the  extent  of  its  business  may  be  imagined  from  the  fact,  that 
during  last  year  1735  policies  were  issued  from  the  office.  The 
annual  exhibit  for  the  year  ending  January  31,  1861,  shows 
the  following  gratifying  result : 

Balance  per  Statement,  Jan.  31st,  1860 $3,370,001.87 

Amount  received  for  Premiums  during  the  year,  $815,7 11.26 
Amount  received  for  Interest  during  the  year,      261,427.15 


Total  Receipts  for  the  year, $1,077,138.41 

Deduct  paid  Salaries,  Medical  Ex- 
aminations, Advertising,  Print- 
ing, Stationery,  Taxes,  Ex- 
change, <kc., $33,400.67 

Deduct  paid  Commissions  to  Agents,  50,053.19 

Deduct  paid  Losses  on  95  Policies, 
(89  lives,)  including  $34,700 
losses  of  previous  years, 223,400.00 

Deduct  paid  for  Surrendered  Policies,    5,335.31    $312,189.17    $764,949.24 


$4,134,951.11 

Deduct  paid  Dividends  during  the  year,  $199,551/00      • 

Deduct  for  Notes  on  Policies  cancelled,  45,988.76 


$245,539.76 

Net  Balance  January  31st,  1861, $3,889,411.35 

Losses  on  13  Policies  not  yet  due,   $29,480.42 


126  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

ASSETS. 

Loans  on  Bond  and  Mortgage  of  Real  Estate,  $2,339,824.65 
Loans  on  Bank  Stock  and  Mortgage  Bonds,.. .       64,529.14 

Bank  and  Railroad  Stock, 47,955.00 

Mortgage  Bonds, 41,680.00 

United  States  Coupon  Bonds, 45,221.00 

Cash  deposited  in  Bank, '.       69,093.66 

Premium  Notes  on  Policies  in  force, 1,259,734.77 

Premiums  in  the  hands  of  Agents  and  in  transit,      21,373.13 


Total  Assets. $3,889,411.35 

Amount  of  Losses  during  the  year,  89  lives,  (95  Policies.)        217,500.00 

Total  amount  of  Losses  paid  to  date, 2,499,461.77 

Total  amount  of  Dividends  paid  to  date, 1,757,243.00 

Total  No.  Deaths  since  organization  of  the  Company,  1,168. 
Number  of  Policies  issued  during  the  year,  1,725. 
Total  number  of  Policies  hi  force,  10,461. 

Should  any  of  our  readers  desire  further  information,  we 
refer  them  for  full  particulars  of  rates,  and  to  obtain  blanks  for 
the  different  form  of  Insurance,  pamphlets,  reports,  &c.,  to  the 
Agent  in  New  York. 

W.   S.  DUNHAM, 
Conn.  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company, 

104  Broadway. 
OFFICERS. 

JAMES   GOODWIN,  President,  Z.  PRESTON,  Vice- President. 

GUY  R.  PHELPS,  Secretary. 


Young  ladies  who  faint  on  being  proposed  to,  may  be 
readily  restored  by  whispering  in  their  ears  that  you  were  only 
joking. 


THE  TWINE,  CORDAGE,  AND  PAPER  BUSINESS. 

Man  loves  knowledge,  and  the  beams  of  truth, 
More  welcome  touch  his  understanding's  eye, 
Than  all  the  blandishment  of  sound  his  ear, 
Thau  all  of  taste  his  tongue. 

AKENSIDE. 

The  increase  in  the  manufacture  of  these  articles  has  been 
most  extraordinary  ;  bnt  a  few  years  ago  a  large  portion  of  our 
twine  and  cordage  was  imported,  now  we  can  manufacture  suffi- 
cient for  home  consumption  and  export  as  well. 

We  have  before  us  the  catalogue  of  Messrs.  WILLARD  HARVEY 
&  Co.,  established  twenty  years  ago  at  84  Maiden  Lane,  and 
still  remaining  there  and  also  at  17  Cedar  street,  who  have,  dur- 
ing the  whole  of  that  time,  given  their  particular  attention  to 
this  branch  of  their  business,  and  some  idea  of  the  extent  the 
trade  has  attained  may  be  formed  by  the  enumeration  of  the 
different  articles  with  the  number  of  varieties  manufactured  by 
them.  Under  the  head  of  CORDAGE,  we  have  Manilla  hemp 
rope,  all  sizes  ;  Manilla  spun  yarn  ;  the  best  Manilla  bed  cords  ; 
fine  Manilla  yarn  ;  Jute  hemp  rope,  two  sorts  various  sizes ; 
bright  jute  bed  cords ;  American  hemp  rope,  four  kinds;  Rus- 
sia hemp  lines,  twelve  kinds ;  Cotton  rope,  &c.,  ten  kinds  all 
sizes.  Packing  for  steam-engines,  tarred,  ratlin,  and  spun  yarn, 
fancy  cordage,  welting  cord,  whip  cord  and  clock  cord,  hatters' 
cord,  seaming  cord,  masons'  lines,  <kc.,  <fec. 

In  SEINE  TWINES  there  are  three  different  kinds  of  various 
numbers.  Gilling  threads  of  all  colors  and  numbers ;  while 
of  fishing  lines  the  variety  is  almost  endless,  and  saddlers'  and 
shoe  threads,  twelve  varieties.  In  twines  which  they  denomi- 
nate "  Star  Twines,"  there  are  thirty-two  varieties  of  various 
threads,  and  put  up  in  all  usual  size  balls  and  packages.  Besides 


128          THE  UNION"  SKETCH  BOOK. 

which,  they  manufacture  hemp  twines,  spring  twine,  paper 
twine,  baling  twine,  broom-winding  twine,  wool  twine,  bottling 
twine,  sewing  twines,  Spread  Eagle  Mills  twine,  flax  sail,  and 
broom  sewing  twines,  &c.,  &c.  They  are  also  sole  agents  for 
the  American  Twine,  Thread,  and  Line  Company. 

Their  stock  of  all  these  goods  is  most  complete,  they 
having  made  this  trade  peculiarly  their  own,  and  having  by 
their  long  experience  discovered  exactly  what  is  wanted  by 
the  various  buyers  of  these  articles,  are  always  prepared  to  suit 
them. 

Using  the  best  quality  of  stock,  and  availing  themselves  of 
superior  manufacturing  facilities,  W.  II.  &  Co.  have  always  had 
the  most  gratifying  testimonials  from  their  customers  as  to  their 
satisfaction  of  the  way  their  orders  have  been  furnished  ;  and 
as  a  further  proof  of  the  superiority  of  their  manufacture  it  is 
only  necessary  to  state  that  the  first  premiums  have  invariably 
been  awarded  to  them  by  the  highest  institutions  in  the  country 
where  their  goods  have  been  entered  for  competition. 

In  the  article  of  paper,  we  may  mention  the  following  of 
which  they  have  a  large  stock  always  on  hand,  viz.  wrapping 
papers,  pure  manilla,  mixed  and  inferior  manillas ;  English 
glazed  hardware,  American  glazed  hardware,  staple  hardware, 
blasting,  cartridge,  hosiery,  rope  and  rag;  palm  leaf,  straw,  shoe, 
tea,  fine  ball,  druggists'  heavy  wrapping,  oiled,  silk,  envelope, 
fancy  and  plain  cover,  tissue,  roofing  and  sheathing,  hatters'  and 
pyrotechnic  papers. 

For  printing,  they  have  fine  and  common  news,  book,  common 
white,  colored  medium,  pamphlet  cover,  and  white  wrapping 
paper. 

For  writing,  letter  paper  of  all  descriptions,  bath,  post,  gilt 
edged,  plain,  ruled,  and  unruled ;  note  papers,  staple  or  fancy, 
all  sizes ;  commercial  paper,  thin,  ruled  or  unruled  ;  sermon  and 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  129 

foolscap,  of  all  prices  and  suitable  for  all  purposes,  with  a  varied 
assortment  of  boards  and  envelopes. 

In  BLOTTING  PAPER,  a  thick  firm  sheet  and  known  as  the 
"  Treasury  Blotting  Pad,"  introduced  by  them,  has  had  many 
imitators  and  some  even  with  the  pretence  of  being  patented, 
but  they  have  not  come  up  to  the  original. 

Such  is  a  brief  sketch  of  the  principal  trade  of  the  house ; 
merchants  desiring  further  information  should  apply  to  them  for 
a  catalogue,  which  they  will  gratuitously  furnish.  All  goods 
sold  by  them  are  warranted,  and  they  bestow  their  best  atten- 
tion in  shipping  them,  care  being  always  taken  to  procure  the 
lowest  rates  of  freight  and  insurance. 

As  gentlemen,  upright  and  honorable  in  their  business"  trans- 
actions, proven  during  the  long  term  of  twenty  years  by  the 
liberal  patronage  they  have  received,  we  can  confidently  com- 
mend their  establishment  to  the  attention  of  merchants  in  all 
parts  of  the  country. 


VALUABLE  PRESENTS. — Some  one  speaking  of  new  year's 
presents  says,  "The  best  thing  to  give  to  your  enemy  is  for- 
giveness ;  to  your  opponent,  tolerance  ;  to  a  friend,  your  heart ; 
to  your  children,  a  good  example ;  to  your  father,  deference ; 
to  your  mother,  love  ;  to  yourself,  respect ;  to  all  men,  charity ; 
to  God,  obedience." 


THE  PAST  AND  PRESENT. — "  New  England,"  says  Cotton 
Mather  in  1718,  "is  now  so  far  improved  as  to  have  the  best 
part  of  two  hundred  meeting-houses."  What  would  he  say 
now  (1859)  to  find,  they  are  over  6,000  ? 

0* 


ALCOHQL,  CAMPHENE,  <fec. 

Honor  to  him,  who,  self-complete  and  brave, 
In  scorn  can  carve  his  pathway  to  the  grave, 
And,  heeding  naught  of  what  men  think  or  say, 
Makes  hia  own  heart  his  world  upon  the  way. 

BURNS. 

Alcohol,  as  is  generally  pretty  well  known,  is  distilled  from 
whiskey — nine  gallons  of  the  latter  making  about  five  of  the 
former.  Alcohol  for  burning  fluid  is  ordinarily  ninety-five  per 
cent.,  while  druggists'  alcohol  is  but  eighty-four  per  cent.,  re- 
duced to  that  standard  after  distillation.  Pine  oil,  or  camphene, 
is  distilled  from  spirits  of  turpentine,  the  produce  of  the  forests 
of  North  Carolina.  This  loses  in  distillation  about  a  gallon  in 
a  barrel,  or  one  and  one-fourth  per  cent.  Burning  fluid  is  made 
by  the  admixture  of  one  gallon  of  pine  oil  to  four  gallons  of 
alcohol.  The  chief  merits  of  this  latter  article  as  a  material  of 
light,  consist  in  its  brilliancy,  cheapness,  and  far  greater  cleanli- 
ness than  either  oil  or  candles ;  its  principal  demerit  is  its 
liability  to  explosion.  Upon  this  important  point  one  of  our 
largest  manufacturers  says  : — It  has  been  ascertained  that  nearly 
all  the  accidents  attending  the  use  of  burning  fluid  originated 
either  by  attempting  to  fire  shavings  or  other  combustible 
materials  with  a  fluid  lamp  mostly  glass ;  or  by  the  attempt  to 
fill  the  lamp  while  burning.  This  is  by  far  the  most  fruitful 
source  of  accidents — but  thanks  to  the  inventive  genius  of  the 
American  people,  several  kinds  of  lamps  have  been  patented, 
and  are  now  in  use,  which  entirely  prevent  the  possibility  of  an 
accident  occurring  from  this  cause,  for  the  act  of  unscrewing 
the  lamp  puts  out  the  flame  by  the  action  of  a  spiral  spring 
forcing  up  an  extinguisher  which  entirely  prevents  the  possi- 
bility of  accidents.  But  there  are  still  other  improvements.. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  131 

One  is,  that  the  fluid  is  inclosed  in  a  gutta  perch  a  case,  so  that 
in  case  of  a  glass  lamp  falling  and  "breaking  it  cannot  possibly 
ignite.  Another  is,  that  the  gas  and  not  the  fluid  is  consumed, 
thereby  making  a  light  equal  to  gas.  The  introduction  of  these 
.various  improved  lamps  has  rendered  the  burning  of  camphene 
or  fluid  as  safe  as  any  other  illuminator. 

The  large  consumption  of  these  articles  employs  a  number 
of  manufactories,  amongst  the  oldest  of  which  is  the  establish- 
ment of  J.  A.  WEBB  &  Co.,  229  and  230  West  Street.  Mr. 
Augustus  V.  H.  Webb,  the  father  of  one  of  the  present  pro- 
prietors, claims  to  be  the  inventor  of  camphene,  for  which  he 
obtained  a  patent  dated  the  19th  February,  1839,  manufactur- 
ing then  and  subsequently  in  Williamsburgh. 

In  1853,  Mr.  J.  A.  WEBB  succeeded  his  father  in  the  busi- 
ness, which  he  continued  till  1855,  when  finding  his  premises 
too  small  for  his  increasing  business,  he  commenced  the  erection 
of  the  factory  in  West  street.  This  factory  he  had  built  after 
his  own  plans,  and  his  long  previous  experience  enabled  him  to 
have  erected  one  of  the  most  perfect  manufactories  of  its  kind. 
With  his  increased  facilities  he  devoted  his  whole  time  to  the 
development  of  his  business,  which  resulted  in  his  effecting 
many  improvements  we  shall  speak  of  presently. 

The  building  occupies  a  frontage  of  seventy-five  feet,  and  is 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  deep.  On  the  left  of  the  entry  way 
is  inclosed  the  counting-room.  Further  on,  let  into  the  ground 
is  a  large  reservoir,  capable  of  holding  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
five  barrels,  into  which  the  whiskey  is  dumped,  and  from  thence, 
by  means  of  steam  pumps,  pumped  into  the  stills.  There  is 
another  reservoir  on  the  roof  of  the  same  capacity.  Above 
ami  by  the  side  of  the  reservoir  are  several  pumps,  condensers, 
and  receptacles  for  the  pure  alcohol.  They  have  here  also  a 
very  simple  and  perfect  machine  for  measuring,  which  is  much 
more  accurate  than  the  ordinary  gauge. 


132  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Separated  from  this  room  by  a  brick  wall  sixteen  inches 
thick,  is  the  still  room,  containing  one  still  capable  of  holding 
twenty-five  hundred  gallons,  and  a  smaller  one,  the  whole  having 
a  power  of  production  of  over  one  hundred  barrels  a  day.  On 
the  roof  of  the  building  are  the  reservoirs,  water  tanks,  con- 
densers, &c.,  whilst  in  the  rear  of  the  yard  is  the  boiler  room, 
the  only  place  in  the  factoiy  where  fire  is  allowed  ;  and  to  pre- 
vent the  possibility  of  accident  from  this  source,  in  the  still 
room  is  a  powerful  steam  pump,  with  hose  constantly  attached, 
by  which  the  whole  building  could  be  instantly  deluged  with 
water. 

Messrs.  WEBB  &  Co.,  by  constant  supervision  and  strict  atten- 
tion to  business,  have  succeeded  in  getting  their  ninety-five  per 
cent,  alcohol  recognised  as  the  most  uniform  and  purest  in  the 
market.  They  have  also,  after  much  labor,  perfected  a  higher 
grade  of  spirit,  called  absolute  alcohol,  one  hundred  per  cent., 
warranted  free  from  all  foreign  substances,  fusil  oils,  water,  <fec., 
the  highest  and  most  perfectly  tasteless  spirit  ever  manufactured, 
indispensable  for  druggists,  perfumers,  &c.  They  are  now 
introducing  a  new  illuminating  oil,  made  from  coal.  They  have 
already  got  this  fluid  to  a  very  great  perfection,  so  as  to  com- 
mand as  •  large  a  demand  as  they  can  conveniently  supply. 
They  have  got  this  oil  to  be  almost  entirely  free  from  smoke  or 
,  smell. 

The  firm  of  J;  A.  WEBB  &  Co.  is  composed  of  J.  A.  WEBB 
and  JEREMIAH  BAKER,  and  for  the  convenience  of  their  business 
they  have  a  store  at  165  Pearl  street,  where  the  books  are 
kept,  and  the  ordinary  transactions  of  the  house  carried  on,  to 
which  establishment  all  orders  should  be  addressed. 


>  a 


ONE  OF  THE  INSTITUTIONS  OF  NEW  YORK, 

and  one  that  lias  attained  here  greater  perfection  than  in  any 
other  city  on  this  continent,  is  its  Wine  and  Ale  Vaults.  These 
are  a  kind  of  half  wholesale  and  half  retail  establishments, 
where  one  can  buy  either  a  glass  or  a  puncheon.  The  great 
difficulty  of  obtaining  wines  and  ales,  especially  of  foreign 
brand,  pure  and  unadulterated,  in  small  quantities,  necessitated 
their  establishment,  and  they  have  proved  a  great  success.  One 
of  the  oldest  and  largest  of  these  is  G.  E.  MENDUM'S,  at  the 
corner  of  Cedar  street  and  Broadway.  His  place  during  busi- 
ness hours  is  constantly  crowded,  and  his  men  are  kept  busy 
drawing  ales,  of  which  he  keeps  the  following  home  and  foreign 
brands  always  on  draught : 

Allsopp's  East  India  Tonic  Pale  Ale. 

Bass's  East  India  Tonic  Pale  Ale. 

Younger's  Scotch  Ale. 

Burton  "On  Trent,"  1856. 

Gaul's  Philadelphia  "Golden  Ale." 

Howard  &  Fuller's  Delicious  Spring  Water  ditto. 

Jones's  XXX  Stock  (Brewed  from  English  Malt). 

Smith's  American  Bitter  Ale  (Brewed  in  Wheeling,  Va.). 

Smith's  Champagne  Ale"  (The  finest  ever  offered  in  the  U.  S.). 

Smith's  Kennet  Ale  (Highly  recommended  to  Dyspeptics 
and  Consumptives). 

Guinness' s  world-renowned  Dublin  Porter. 

Murphy's  celebrated  Cork  Porter. 

Marr's  Saratoga  Cream  Ale  (From  the  celebrated  Saratoga 
Springs). 

Vassar's  Imperial  Ale,  old  and  fresh. 

Gray's  Philadelphia  XXXX  Extra. 

They  are  kept  in  cool  cellars  and  drawn  from  the  wood,  thus 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  135 

preserving  their  pure  flavor,  and  many  of  the  ales,  being  rare 
productions,  cannot  be  obtained  elsewhere  on  draught.  Such  a 
reputation  have  they  obtained  for  purity  and  flavor  that  his 
retail  trade  is  comparatively  small  to  his  bottling  business, 
orders  constantly  coming  in  from  all  parts  for  wines,  liquors, 
ales,  porters,  &c.,  in  quantities  of  a  pint  to  a  cask.  Besides 
these  he  keeps  on  hand  various  foreign  pickles,  sauces,  ancho- 
vies, caviare,  cheese,  and  other  luxuries  for  the  table,  and  having 
the  best  facilities  for  obtaining  them,  he  has  always  the  choicest 
the  various  markets  afford. 

Strangers  visiting  New  York,  appreciating  a  glass  of  good  ale, 
or  requiring  any  other  of  MENDUM'S  edibles  or  bibibles,  should 
stop  in  at  the  vaults,  corner  of  Cedar  street  and  Broadway,  as 

they  will  be  sure  of  finding  the  best  there. 

» 

Comfort  Bennet,  the  millionaire  of  Chemung  county,  is  a 
remarkable  man.  He  went  to  Big  Haho  without  means,  and 
worked  for  the  farmers  for  eight  years  before  he  had  means  to 
buy  land.  In  the  meridian  of  life  he  lost  his  right  hand.  He 
is  now  eighty  years  old,  has  been  blind  four  years,  and  has 
accumulated  by  earnings  and  savings,  not  speculations,  a  million 
dollars. 


The  product  of  the  wheat  crop  last  year  in  six  Northwestern 
States  was  94,000,000  bushels.  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  25,000,- 
000  each;  Indiana,  16,000,000;  Michigan,  12,000,000  ;  Iowa, 
10,000,000;  Minesota,  6,000,000.  The  whole  grain' crop  of 
Illinois  in  1861  is  estimated  at  101  bushels  to  each  inhabitant. 


Woman  has  found  her  true  "  sphere  "  at  last.     It  is  about 
twenty-seven  feet  round,  made  of  hoops. 


DISTANCES  IN  THE  CITY. 


FROM 
BATTERY. 

FROM 
EXCHANGE. 

FROM 
CITY  HALL. 

TO 

i  mile. 

Rector  street. 

i 

i  mile. 

Fulton. 

4 

* 

City  HalL 

1 

t 

i  mile. 

Leonard. 

li 

1 

i 

CanaL 

1* 

li 

4 

Spring. 

14 

H 

1 

Houston.  * 

2 

14 

li 

Fourth. 

2* 

2 

li 

Ninth. 

2*         » 

H 

14 

Fourteenth. 

2* 

a* 

2 

Nineteenth. 

3 

24 

2i 

Twenty-fourth. 

3i 

3 

a* 

Twenty-ninth. 

8* 

H 

2J 

Thirty-fourth. 

8f 

8i 

3 

Thirty-eighth. 

4 

34 

3i 

Forty-fourth. 

4i 

4 

** 

Forty-ninth. 

** 

4i 

31 

Fifty-fourth. 

41 

4* 

4 

Fifty-eighth. 

5 

44 

4i 

Sixty-third. 

5i 

5 

*4 

Sixty-eighth. 

5i 

-    5i 

4f 

Seventy-third. 

Bf 

5i 

5 

Seventy  -eighth. 

.      6 

54 

5i 

Eighty-third. 

8J 

6 

.      5^ 

Eighty-eighth. 

«i 

6i 

54 

Ninety-third. 

6| 

6i 

6 

Ninety-seventh. 

7 

64 

6i 

One  Hundred  and  Second. 

u 

7 

8| 

One  Hundred  and  Seventh. 

7* 

H 

64 

One  Hundred  and  Twelfth. 

?! 

H 

7 

One  Hundred  and  Seventeenth. 

8 

74 

H 

One  Hundred  and  Twenty-first.   " 

8* 

8 

H 

One  Hundred  and  Twenty-sixth. 

Many  persons  are  in  advance  of  their  age,  but]  an  old  maid 
generally  manages  to  be  about  ten  years  behind  hers. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  137 

•  HACKNEY  COACH  FARES. 

AS    ESTABLISHED    BY    LAW. 

One     Each  Additional 
Distances.  Passenger.  Passenger. 

Not  exceeding  one  mile $     50 $0 

Exceeding  one  mile  and  not  exceed- 
ing two 75 

To  New  Almshouse,  and  returning.      1  00. ......        50 

To  40th-street,  and  remaining  half  an 

hour  and  returning 1   50 50 

To  Gist-street,  and  remaining  three 

quarters  of  an  hour  and  returning.     2  00 50 

To   86th-street,  and  remaining  one 

hour  and  returning 2  50 75 

To    Harlem,   and   remaining   three 

hours  and  returning 5  °°  1  No  extra  charge 

To  High  Bridge,  and  remaining  three 

hours  and  returning 5  00  ^      for   additional 

To   King's   Bridge,  and   remaining 

three  hours  and  returning 5  00  J 

For  the  use  of  a  coach  by  the  day,  with  one  or  more  pas- 
sengers, five  dollars. 

For  the  use  of  a  coach  by  the  hour,  with  one  or  more  pas- 
sengers, with  privilege  of  going  from  place  to  place,  and  stop- 
ping as  often  as  may  be  required,  one  dollar  per  hour. . 

In  all  cases  where  the  hiring  of  a  coach  is  not  at  the  time 
thereof  specified  to  be  by  the  day  or  hour,  it  shall  be  deemed  to 
be  by  the  mile. 

For  children  between  two  and  fourteen  years  of  age,  half 
price  only  is  to  be  charged,  and  for  those  under  two  years  no 
charge  is  to  be  made. 


138  THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK. 

The  baggage  to  be  taken  without  charge  with  each  passenger, 
is  one  trunk,  valise,  saddle-bags,  portmanteau,  or  box,  if  he  be 
requested  so  to  do ;  but  for  any  trunk,  or  other  such  articles 
above  named,  more  than  one  for  each  passenger,  six  cents  can 
be  charged. 

In  case  of  disagreement,  as  to  the  distance  or  price,  the  same 
shall  be  determined  by  the  Mayor,  or  Superintendent  of 
Coaches. 

No  charge  can  be  made  unless  the  number  of  the  carriage  is 
placed  on  the  outside,  and  the  rates  of  fare  in  a  conspicuous 
place  inside  said  carriage. 

If  more  than  the  legal  rates  are  asked,  nothing  can  be  col- 
lected for  services. 

A  violation  of  this  ordinance  subjects  the  offender  to  a  fine  of 
ten  dollars.  • 


NEW  LEATHER. — Whale  skin  has  been  successfully  tanned, 
and  made  into  good  leather.  In  illustration  of  the  fact  that  the 
gelatinous  substances  compounded  of  the  skin  of  nearly  all 
animals  are  capable  of  being  converted  into  leather,  DR.  JULES 
CLOQUET  lately  produced  at  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences  a 
pair  of  boots  made  of  the  tanned  skin  of  a  boa  constrictor. 
The  introduction  of  the  skins  of  the  inferior  vertebrata  into 
trade  was  advocated  in  the  Academy. 


A  dealer  in  dry  goods,  in  Paris,  has  engaged  the  services 
of  several  well  dressed  ladies,  who  promenade  near  his  store, 
and  wlfen  they  see  any  lady  looking  into  the  window,  two  of 
them  approach  and  exclaim,  "  Oh,  isn't  it  sweet !"  or  "  How 
cheap  ! — Let  us  go  in  and  buy  it !" 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  HOOP  SKIRTS. 

0  woman  I  dear  woman  I  whose  form  and  whose  soul 
Are  the  light  and  the  life  of  each  spell  we  pursue ; 

Whether  sunned  in  the  tropics,  or  chilled  at  the  pole, 
If  woman  be  there,  there  is  happiness  too. 

MOORE. 

L.  A.  O8BORN  &  CO.'s  CELEBRATED  ESTABLISHMENT. 

From  reliable  data  we  are  enabled  to  state  that  1746  was  the 
era  of  hoop  petticoats.  In  a  quotation  of  prices  of  dry  goods 
in  those  days  we  find  the  following  articles  enumerated  : 

Hoop  Petticoats  of  five  rows,     -  -   .  $1  25 

six  rows,  -  1   55 

"             "              three  rows,  -  69 

Whalebone  Hoop  Petticoats,  -  3  75 

Who  the  Osborn  was  of  those  days  neither  history  nor  tradi- 
tion has  informed  us;  but  hoop,  petticoats  were  articles  of 
female  attire  then  as  now.  Will  they  be  a  hundred  years 
hence  ?  Probably  they  will.  The  female  shape  and  the  female 
nature  are  not  likely  to  alter. 

The  importance  of  the  hoop  skirt  business  as  conducted  at 
the  present  period  will  appear  from  the  following  statement. 
There  are  in  this  city  about  nine  large  factories.  Some  of  these 
employ  in  their  busy  seasons  as  many  as  eight  and  nine  hun- 
dred hands.  It  is  estimated  that  during  their  busy  seasons, 
which  last  about  eight  months  of  the  year,  as  many  as  five 
thousand  dozen  (or  sixty  thousand)  hoop  skirts  are  made  each 
day.  These,  of  course,  are  of  all  sizes,  all  patterns,  common 
and  fine,  and  run  from  five  hoops  to  fifty.  The  manufacture  of 
these  most  popular  of  all  fashionable  aids  to  the  female  figure 
has  very  considerably  improved  within  these  last  few  years. 


140  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

Amongst  those  who  have  aided  these  improvements  are  Messrs. 
L.  A.  OSBORN  &  Co.  These  gentlemen  occupy,  in  addition  to 
seven  spacious  floors  on  Warren  street,  being  the  whole  of  the 
large  building  No.  92,  a  large  building  in  the  upper  portion  of 
the  city.  In  these  two  establishments  there  is  a  force  of  from 
800  to  1000  hands,  most  of  whom  are  young  ladies.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  two  large  establishments,  we  may  add,  as  being 
directly  and  exclusively  connected,  one  large  factory  for  braid- 
ing the  hoops,  in  Bridgeport,  Ct.,  two  in  Paterson,  N.  J.,  besides 
several  establishments  for  making  the  steel  hoops,  metal  trim- 
mings, &c.,  in  New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Massachusetts. 
With  this  large  force  of  hands,  and  the  necessary  machinery, 
Messrs.  OSBORN  «fe  Co.  are  enabled  to  produce  from  2500  to 
4000  skirts  per  day,  for  which  large  number  they  have  a 
constantly  increasing  demand.  In  the  various  departments  of 
manufacture  they  use  400,000  yards  of  steel  springs  per  week, 
and  in  the  same  length  of  time  consume  100,000  yards  of  tape, 
a  much  larger  quantity  of  braid,  and  2,000,000  clasps  and  slides. 
Mr.  OSBORN  is  well  known  as  the  pioneer  in  extension  skeleton 
hooped  skirts,  having  been  the  first  to  introduce  them  in  this 
country.  By  his  patent,  he  has  the  exclusive  right  to  make,  use, 
or  sell  extension  skirts,  and  from  him  all  other  manufacturers  derive 
the  privilege  of  making  or  using.  Osborn's  Patent  Skirts  are 
formed  of  a  series  of  hoops,  each  being  cut  or  parted  so  as  to 
form  two  or  more  adjustable  ends,  so  arranged  that  the  diameter 
of  the  skirts  may  be  enlarged  or  diminished,  by  connecting  the 
ends  of  the  hoops  in  such  a  manner  that  they  will  slide  towards 
and  from  each  other,  to  enlarge  and  diminish  the  diameter  of 
the  skirt,  in  combination  with  belts  and  cords,  crossing  the 
hoops  to  hold  them  together;  constituting  what  is  known  as 
Ladies'  Extension  Skeleton  Skirts.  The  other  of  the  aforesaid 
patents  contains  three  claims. 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  141 

After  patient  and  persevering  effort  during  three  years  before 
the  Patent  Office,  Mr.  OSBORN  obtained,  on  the  second  of  April 
last,  a  valuable  patent  for  making  hoop  skirts  by  means  of  forms 
or  frames,  on  which  the  hoops  are  placed  while  the  workman  is 
fastening  them  with  tapes  or  cords,  so  as  to  make  the  skirt  the 
shape  required.  Mr.  OSBORN  had  much  opposition  to  contend 
against  before  he  succeeded  in  getting  it,  but  he  has  at  length 
overcome  all  difficulties,  and  by  means  of  this  patent  the  firm 
at  92  Warren  street  are  now  enabled  to  manufacture  skirts  more 
durable  and  perfect  in  form  than  can  be  produced  at  any  other 
establishment,  unless  they  use  his  patent,  which  most  manufac- 
turers are  glad  to  pay  him  for  the  privilege  of  using.  This  last 
patent  is  issued  under  the  new  law,  for  seventeen  years,  during 
which  time,  as  skirts  cannot  be  made  without  OSBORN'S  frames, 
every  manufacturer  must  have  a  license  from  him  to  make  them. 


THE  INVISIBLE  DISPATCH. 

The  plan  of  writing  with  rice  water,  to  be  rendered  visible 
by  the  application  of  iodine,  was  practised  with  great  success 
in  the  correspondence  during  the  lafe  war  in  India.  The  first 
letter  of  this  kind  was  received  from  Jellalabad,  concealed  in  a 
quill.  On  opening  it  a  small  paper  was  unfolded,  on  which 
appeared  only  a  single  word,  "  iodine."  The  magic  liquid  was 
applied,  and  an  important  dispatch  from  Sir  Robert  Sale  stood 
forth. 


It  is  said  that  a  girl  in  England  was  struck  dumb  by  the 
firing  of  a  cannon.  Since  then  a  number  of  married  men  have 
invited  the  artillery  to  come  and  discharge  their  pieces  on 
their  premises. 


DRUGS,  MEDICINES,  AND  CHEMICALS. 

This  world  is  like  a  mint,  we  are  no  sooner 
Cast  into  the  fire,  taken  out  again, 
Hammer'd,  stamp'd  and  made  current,  but 

Presently  we  are  chang'd. 

DECKER. 

About  twenty-six  years  ago  Mr.  A.  B.  SANDS,  then  just 
attained  to  his  majority,  after  having  acquired  a  thorough  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  drug  business,  which  he  obtained  by 
being  in  two  of  the  best  wholesale  and  retail  drug  stores  at  that 
time  extant;  commenced  in  a  very  small  way  retailing  drugs 
and  medicines  at  the  corner  of  William  and  Fulton  streets 
(on  the  very  spot  where  Washington  Irving  was  born).  He 
was  assisted  in  this  by  his  brother  David,  who  had  then  recently 
graduated  at  the  Medical  College,  and  they  both  entered  on 
their  duties  with  the  determination  to  succeed  if  constant  appli- 
cation, strict  integrity,  and  great  care  in  the  preparation  and 
quality  of  their  articles,  could  accomplish  that  result. 

At  that  time  there  was  a  large  amount  of  deterioration  in  the 
preparation  of  medicines,  but  Mr.  S.  determined  that  his  should 
be  pure,  and  therefore  pre'pared  nothing  but  from  the  best  raw 
material.  In  this  he  was  greatly  aided  by  his  brother's  know- 
ledge, and  succeeded  in  getting  his  preparations  into  public 
notice,  from  which  time  they  have  had  the  gratification  of  see- 
ing them  rise  step  by  step  higher  and  higher  into  public  favor. 

In  1846  they  removed  to  the  corner  of  Gold  and  Fulton  sts., 
while  their  present  location  was  being  enlarged,  after  which 
they  returned  to  the  old  spot,  where  they  have  since  remained. 

In  such  a  manner  and  with  such  aims  Mr.  A.  B.  SANDS  com- 
menced the  business  now  carried  on  under  the  style  of  A.  B. 
SANDS  &  Co.  This  firm,  at  the  present  time,  is  recognised  as 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  143 

one  of  the  most  prominent  houses  in  New  York  for  Drugs, 
Medicines,  and  Chemicals.  With  the  advantages  of  their  long 
experience  of  twenty-six  years  they  have  established  valuable 
business  connexions  with  foreign  countries,  giving  them  extra 
facilities  for  importing  crude  drugs  and  other  species  of  mer- 
chandize required  in  their  business  direct  from  the  places  of  their 
production.  Their  extensive  capital  enables  them  to  purchase 
on  the  best  terms,  always  paying  cash,  never  under  any  circum- 
stances giving  notes,  and  they  therefore  can  sell  on  as  advanta- 
geous terms  as  any  house  in  the  trade. 

Their  facilities  for  manufacturing,  and  their  thorough  know- 
ledge of  the  theory  and  manipulation  of  drugs  and  chemicals, 
together  with  the  purity  of  these  articles,  have  obtained  for  their 
preparations  a  world-wide  celebrity,  and  they  have  now  constantly 
employed  a  force  of  about  thirty  hands  in  putting  them  up. 

Essential  Oils  and  Select  Powders  are  leading  features  of 
their  business,  being  of  the  purest  kinds  and  finest  flavors. 

They  are  also  the  proprietors  and  manufacturers  of  the  cele- 
brated 

Sands'  Extract  of  Sarsaparilla. 

McMunn's  Elixir  of  Opium. 

Sands'  Remedy  for  Salt  Rheum. 

Sands'  Peruvian  Febrifuge,  &c.,  &c. 

All  of  which  are  well  known  and  deservedly  popular  reme- 
dies. 

Their  Seidlitz  Powders  have  a  universal  reputation,  orders 
arriving  for  them  from  all  parts  of  the  globe ;  parties  having 
once  had  these  will  not  be  satisfied  with  any  other. 

Their  Flavoring  Extracts,  although  of  comparative  recent 
introduction,  have  met  with  great  approval,  and  bid  fair  to 
become  standard  popular  favorites. 

From  littfe  beginnings,  twenty-six  years  ago,  the  house  of  A.  B. 


144  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

SANDS  &  Co.  has  grown  to  its  present  magnitude.  The  strict 
integrity  these  gentlemen  have  ever  shown  in  all  their  business 
transactions  has  gained  them  hosts  of  friends,  and  we  can  cor- 
dially recommend  them  to  all  who  require  any  articles  they 
deal  in. 

A.   B.   SANDS   &  CO. 

(Late  A.  B.  &  D.  SANDS  &  CO.) 
IMPORTERS  AND  WHOLESALE  DEALERS  IN 

DRUGS,  MEDICINES  AND  CHEMICALS, 

GLASSWARE,  PAINTS,  OILS,  DYE-STUFFS, 

Brushes,  Sponges,  Soaps,  Perfumery,  &c. 
141  WILLIAM  STREET,  Cor.  of  FULTON, 

ABRAHAM  B.  SANDS,  MVW 

ALEXANDER  V.  BLAKE.  JNiiW 


With  the  aid  of  machinery  twenty-five  persons  turn  out 
600  pairs  of  •  shoes  daily,  at  a  factory  at  Haverhill,  Mass. 
Every  operation,  from  first  to  last,  even  to  the  final  polish,  is 
done  by  machinery,  except  fitting  the  shoes  to  the  last. 


A  BRUTE  OF  A  HUSBAND. — Wife  (anxiously) — •'  What  did 
that  young  lady  observe  who  passed  us  just  now  ?"  Husband 
(with  a  smile  of  calm  delight) — "  Why,  my  love,  she  observed 
rather  a  good-looking  man  walking  with  quite  an  elderly 
female— that's  all.  Ahem  !" 


DOMESTIC  LIQUORS. 

Then  gently  scan  'your  brother  man, 

Still  gentler  sister  woman, 
Though  they  may  gang  a  kennin  wrang, 

To  step  aside  is  human. 

BUKNS. 

The  title  of  onr  article  will,  we  know,  not  be  attractive  to 
many  of  our  most  excellent  citizens,  who  are  known  as  tem- 
perance men  and  tee-totallers  ;  still  we  hope  they  will  read  it, 
as  we  mean  to  put  in  a  plea  for  domestic  liquors  in  their  pure 
state,  as  being,  taken  in  moderation,  a  useful  and  decidedly 
necessary  article  of  commerce. 

Our  limits  do  not  allow  an  extended  argument  on  the  con- 
stitution of  man,  but  it  is  patent  to  every  one,  that  each  indi- 
vidual has  his  own  peculiar  idiosyncrasy,  varying  in  degree, 
and  form,  and  shape.  Some  show  it  in  the  form  of  excitement, 
others  in  their  studious  and  retiring  habits.  These  two  classes 
taken  in  a  generic  sense  form  the  world,  but  they  are  capable 
of  an  immense  amount  of  subdivision.  From  the  first  we  get 
our  generals,  soldiers,  sailors,  politicians,  and  most  enterprising 
merchants ;  from  the  latter  our  historians,  poets,  lawgivers, 
and  philanthropists.  Each  of  these  classes  is  separate  and 
distinct,  and  yet  all  possess  features  in  common.  When  the 
man  of  excitement  has  overworked  his  animal  nature,  he  wants 
a  stimulant,  and  it  does  him  good,  preventing  too  great  a 
reaction  frcan  sudden  repose.  When  the  student  has  over- 
worked his  brain,  he  takes  a  stimulant,  and  that  infuses  life 
into  his  body.  In  each  case  they  are  useful  and  requisite,  pro- 
vided the  liquors  taken  are  pure,  benefiting  both  mind  and 
body,  when  used  in  moderation.  But  the  difficulty  is  to  get 
simply  the  alcoholic  rectified  liquors,  without  any  admixture1 
of  fusil  oils  or  foreign  deleterious  matter.  The  one  imparts 
vigor  to  the  system ;  the  other  creates  a  morbid  appetite  for 
repetition,  which,  if  indulged  in,  leads  to  a  slow  but  sure 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.    '  147 

destruction  of  both  the  mental  arid  bodily  faculties.  We 
know,  from  observation,  unfortunately  too  well,  that  the 
majority  of  liquors  vended,  are  composed  of  poisonous  mix- 
tures ;  and  this,  in  this  country,  is  caused  from  the  great  desire 
of  all  for  foreign  liquors.  These,  to  be  pure,  must  command 
a  high  price,  but  the  majority  drinking  them  cannot  afford  to 
pay  it ;  hence  the  poisonous  mixtures  sold  under  the  names  of 
French  brandy,  Scotch  and  Irish  whiskeys,  Holland  gin,  <fec. 
The  shipper  abroad,  to  compete  with  domestic  liquors  in  this 
market,  aMulterates  them,  and  they  again  receive  a  further 
adulteration  when  they  arrive.  Besides  this,  many  are  made 
here,  of  nice  flavor,  and  good  imitations  of  the  original,  but  of 
the  most  intoxicating  qualities.  This  almost  universal,  but 
foolish  and  insane  desire  for  foreign  liquors,  has  been  the  cause 
of  the  introduction  of  delirium  tremens  and  mania  a  potu  into 
this  country,  which  were  never  known  in  former  years ;  then 
our  citizens  were  content  to  drink  our  own  home-made  whiskey. 
Now  how  different ;  they  are  of  almost  daily  occurrence.  Our 
fanners  in  remote  places  still  use  the  wholesome  stimulant 
made  from  the  pure  grain,  and  live  a  vigorous  life,  to  a  good 
old  age  ;  while  our  powerful  muscular  men,  living  in  the  large 
cities,  lose  their  vigor  almost  in  the  prime  of  life.  Does  not 
this  teach  a  lesson,  and  would  it  not  be  well  for  our  legislators 
to  turn  their  attention  to  it,  and  by  a  stringent  law  prevent 
the  vending  of  these  poisons  ?  Such  a  law  would  be  the  best 
aid  to  temperance  that  could  be  made  ;  the  desire  for  repeti- 
tion created  by  the  narcotics  and  unnatural  stimulants  of 
adulterated  liquor  would  be  taken  away,  and  although  intoxi- 
cation might  still  to  some  extent  exist,  it  would  not  be  any- 
thing like  as  great,  or  be  productive  of  nearly  such  baneful 
consequences. 

We  have  put  in  this  as  a  hasty  plea  for  pure  domestic 
liquors,  but  it  is  only  a  skeleton  of  an  argument  to  what  might 
be  urged.  As  we  said  before,  men  require  stimulants,  and  will 
always  have  them,  therefore  total  abstinence  is  an  impossibility, 


!~—- ' 


00 
0\ 

o 


150  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

and  will  remain  ever  so,  but  temperance  is  not,  and  may  be 
produced,  or  at  least  greatly  enhanced,  by  proper  legislation. 

Amongst  the  most  prominent  distillers  and  rectifiers  of 
domestic  liquors,  whose  brand  is  distinguished  for  purity,  stand 
the  firm  of  HOFFMAN  &  CURTISS.  They  have  had  many 
years'  experience,  and  have  spared  neither  expense  nor  pains 
to  make  their  distillation  perfect,  and  their  brands  of  whiskey 
from  wheat,  barley,  or  rye,  have  been  pronounced  unsurpassed. 
At  their  distillery  in  New  Jersey,  occupying  a  whole  block 
(see  cut  No.  2),  they  ordinarily  consume  fifteen  hundred 
bushels  of  grain  per  day,  producing  about  one  hundred  and 
fifty  barrels  of  spirit.  This  distillery  is  one  of  the  most  per- 
fect of  its  kind  in  the  States.  From  thence  the  spirit  is  taken 
to  the  rectifying  house  at  362  Greenwich  street,  N.  Y.,  as 
represented  in  cut  No.  3.  Here  it  is  thoroughly  purified,  and 
is  then  conveyed  to  the  warehouses,  at  Nos.  366  and  368 
Washington  street  (see  our  first  engraving),  in  which  are 
stored  on  the  five  floors  of  the  building  thousands  of  barrels 
of  whiskey,  where  they  are  kept  to  acquire  age,  the  several 
floors  varying  from  the  new  distillation  to  five  years  old.  We 
have  not  entered  into  a  full  detail  of  the  process  of  distillation, 
as  we  believe  it  is  pretty  generally  known,  but  we  would  make 
mention  of  two  articles  manufactured  by  this  firm,  which 
deserve  especial  notice.  The  first  is  a  superior  spirit,  perfectly 
pure,  without  taste  or  smell,  which  they  call  "  Excelsior  pure 
spirits,"  and  which  we  think  must  prove  invaluable  to  per- 
fumers and  druggists.  The  other  they  have  patented"  under 
the  brand  of  Hoffman  &  Curtis^  Superior  Excelsior  Gin. 
This  is  distilled  from  rye  and  barley  malt,  and  the  Italian 
juniper  berry,  and  is  equal  to  the  best  Holland  gin  ever  im- 
ported into  this  market.  The. difference  between  Holland  and 
domestic  gin  is  imputed  by  Americans  to  the  difference  in  the 
two  kinds  of  grain.  If  so,  why  did  not  the  American  grain 
exported  to  Europe  during  the  Russian  war,  and  which  was 
there  distilled  into  gin,  impart  to  it  the  flavor  which  character- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  151 

izes  our  domestic  gin  ?  It  did  not  do  so  ;  it  was  Holland  gin 
to  the  taste,  although  manufactured  from  American  grain. 
The  fact  is,  it  is  simply  a  prejudice  against  domestic  manu- 
facture, and  whilst  the  pure  Holland  and  domestic  gins  are 
both  wholesome  beverages  in  moderation,  there  is  a  large 
amount  of  impure  poison  made  to  be  sold  at  a  price  to  com- 
pete with  the  domestic  as  real  "  Holland  Gin,"  which  does 
incalculable  mischief.  We  think  Messrs.  II.  &  Co.'s  "  Excel- 
sior" ought  to  drive  the  rubbish  from  the  market. 

The  articles  manufactured  by  this  firm  are  the  following,  all 
warranted  pure  and  free  from  any  deleterious- mixture  :  Pure 
Spirits,  plain  ;  American  Brandy  ;  American  Gin  ;  Excelsior 
Gin,  equal  to  Holland  Gin ;  N.  E.  Rum ;  Cider  Brandy, 
Excelsior  Spirits  (distilled),  wholly  free  from  flavor;  Cologne 
Spirits,  95  per  cent,  (flavorless);  Alcohol,  95  per  cent.;  Mo- 
nongahela  Whiskey  ;  Bourbon  Whiskey  ;  Clarified  Whiskey  ; 
Steam  Refined  Whiskey ;  Cherry  Rum ;  Cherry  Brandy ; 
Cordials,  Peppermint,  <fcc. ;  Wrines — Port,  Madeira,  Sherry, 
Malaga — made  from  the  imported  White  and  Red  Wines,  free 
from  any  deleterious  admixture  ;  American  Cognac  Brandy, 
distilled  from  prunes  and  ordinary  raisins,  will  be  found  to 
compare  favorably  with  the  imported  Rochelle  Cognac  Brandy ; 
Burning  Fluid,  <fcc. 

Of  course  an  establishment  of  this  magnitude  gives  employ- 
ment to  a  considerable  number  of  hands.  They  have  ordi- 
narily in  their  employ  about  fifty  persons,  in  the  various 
departments,  which  number  in  the  busy  season  is  considerably 
increased.  Messrs.  Hoffman  &  Curtiss  have  spared  neither 
labor  nor  money  in  producing  the  purest  and  most  perfect 
articles,  and  they  have  been  rewarded  with  a  high  appreciation 
of  their  manufacture  by  consumers,  and  we  can  only  wish 
them  a  continuance  and  increase  of  prosperity,  hoping  before 
long  to  see  the  absurd  prejudice  against  American  liquors  done 
away  with,  as  in  ninety-nine  cases  out  of  one  hundred  they 
are  far  more  beneficial  than  the  so-called  imported  liquors. 


A  VISIT  TO  A  PIANO  FACTORY.  • 

WITH  SOMETHING  ABOUT  THE  ORIGIN  OF  MUSIC  AND  PIA>708. 


The  birds  instructed  man, 


And  taught  him  songs  before  his  art  began. 
And  while  soft  evening  gales  blew  o'er  the  plains, 
And  shook  the  sounding  reeds,  they  taught  the  swains, 
And  thus  the  pipe  was  framed,  and  tuneful  reed. 

Such  was  Lucretius's  idea  of  tlie  origin  of  musical  instru- 
ments of  the  inflatile  kind  as  given  us  in  his  work  on  the 
Nature  of  things,  which,  if  historians  do  not  place  much  reliance 
on,  has  certainly  the  merit  of  being  very  poetical.  The  same 
notion  concerning  wind  instruments  is  found  in  Ovid's  beauti- 
ful account  of»the  transformation  of  the  nymph  Syrinx  into 
reeds.  But  Thomas  Aquinas  in  his  "Storia  della  Musica"  dis- 
dains to  follow  the  example  of  the  heathen"  author  of  the 
"Metamorphoses"  or  the  disciple  of  Epicurus,  and  leaves  the 
origin  of  music  to  chance ;  contending  that  the  first  man  was 
endowed  with  every  kind  of  knowledge  by  the  Creator,  and 
that  he  excelled  in  music,  as  well  as  in  all  the  arts  and  sciences* 
Leaving  these  ingenious  guesses  and  fictions,  we  find  the 
earliest  authentic  record  of  music  in  the  Scriptures,  where  it  is 
written  that  Jubal,  the  seventh  in  descent  from  Adam,  was  the 
father  of  such  as  handle  the  harp  and  organ.  These  terms, 
however,  must  not  be  taken  quite  literally,  but  rather  in  a 
generic  sense  signifying  all  instruments  of  a  stringed  and  tube 
kind.  '  Although  this  is  recorded  in  Genesis,  it  is  pretty  certain 
that  the  Jews  acquired  their  knowledge  of  music  from  the 
Egyptians,  in  which  country  it  seems  to  be  pretty  well  agreed 
the  art  originated,  and  acquired  great  perfection,  as  is  evidenced 
by  the  researches  of  modern  travellers.  Bruce  found  in  Thebes 


THE   UNKXtf  SKETCH  BOOK.  153 

a  fresco  painting  of  a  harp  evidently  of  a  very  ancient  origin- 
In  form,  dimensions,  and  ornament,  this  instrument  might  be 
mistaken  for  one  of  modern  date,  insomuch,  that  when  a  draw-' 
ing  was  shown  of  it  in  London,  doubts  were  thrown  on  its 
fidelity.  Forty  years  after,  however,  M.  Denon  bore  testimony 
to  the  truth  of  Bruce's  description,  and  the  accuracy  of  the 
sketch,  thus  evidencing  that  great  proficiency  was  attained  in 
the  art  centuries  ago. 

The  origin  of  the  Square  Piano  Forte  does  not  date  back  over 
a  century  ago ;  it  was  the  invention  of  a  German  mechanic, 
named  Viator,  the  idea  being  taken  from  the  Clavichord,  but  it 
is  only  like  this  latter  instrument  in  its  shape,  with  the  same 
dispositions  of  strings  and  keys  ;  in  action  it  is  totally  dissimilar. 
The  invention  was  immediately  taken  up  by  other  makers,  who  left 
their  Clavichords  and  Harpsichords  for  the  new  instrument,  the 
earliest  and  largest  maker  known  being  Zumpe,  who  realized 
a  large  fortune  and  retired.  The  Grand  Piano  Forte  is  supposed 
to  be  of  earlier  date  than  the  square,  and  is  variously  attributed 
to  a  German  named  Schrceder,  and  to  a  harpsichord  maker 
named  Curistofali,  of  Padua.  The  Grand  Piano  Forte  retains 
the  shape  of  the  instrument  from  which  it  was  taken,  the 
harpsichord,  and  to  our  minds  is  the  natural  outline  of  the 
instrument,  its  only  objection  being,  its  largeness. 

Although  we  are  indebted  to  Europe  for  the  invention  of 
Piano  Fortes,  this  country  must  bear  away  the  palm  for  the 
vast  and  various  improvements  of  the  last  few  years ;  if  our 
space  permitted  we  would  mention  some  of  thorn,  but  they  fill 
too  long-  a  list  to  do  so  without  being  invidious.  But  it  is 
undoubtedly  a  fact,  that  owing  to  the  superiority  of  American 
Manufacture,  there  are  more  Pianos  made  in  New  York  than 
in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  and  while  thirty  years  ago,  we 
imported  all  our  instruments,  we  now  scarcely  import  one, 


154  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

having  thus  added  the  monopoly  of  a  most  important  and 
lucrative  branch  of  industry  to  our  domestic  resources. 

Prominent  amongst  those  who  have  contributed  to  the 
improvement  of  this  greatest  of  instruments,  must  be  ranked  the 
firm  of  Messrs.  RAVEN,  BACON  &  Co.,  established  in  1829.»  They 
have  now  been  over  thirty  years  in  business.  During  this 
lengthened  period  they  have  effected^" several  improvements 
themselves,  and  have  always  encouraged  any  new  invention  that 
promised  to  be  an  inprovement ;  by  these  means  their  instru- 
ments are  now  recognised  as  amongst  the  best  to  be  had.  We 
recently  went  over  their  manufactory,  and  although  it  was  only 
a  flying  visit,  thanks  to  their  courteous  and  lucid  explanations, 
we  think  we  have  mastered  some  of  the  mysteries  of  Piano 
Forte  making,  which  for  the  benefit  of  our  readers  we  will 
detail. 

Their  factory,  situated  at  147,  149,  151  Baxter  street, 
extends  through  to  Mulberry  street,  having  a  frontage  of  fifty 
feet  by  two  hundred  feet  deep.  Part  of  this  area  is  occupied  by 
the  Lumber  Yard.  In  this  yard,  in  lofty  piles,  are  stored  the 
various  woods  used  in  the  manufacture  of  Pianos,  such  as  Rose- 
wood, Mahogany,  Cherry,  Maple,  Ash,  White  Wood,  Pine, 
Ebony,  White  Holly,  Bass  Wood,  &c.  From  the  Lum- 
ber Yard,  these  woods  are  ^,aken  to  the  drying  rooms  situated 
in  the  basement,  and  also  on  the  first  floor,  where  they  undergo  a 
thorough  drying  for  three  months,  being  subjected  for  the  whole 
of  that  time  to  a  high  degree  of  heat.  They  are  then  fit  for  use, 
and  are  taken  to  the  store  room,  from  whence  they  are  taken  to 
the  different  departments  of  the  five  story  building  as  required. 
Every  department  has  different  functions,  and  although  each 
man  may  be  perfect  in  his  department,  no  one  man  could  make 
a  perfect  Piano.  In  one  room  we  sec  the  Rim  maker,  in 
another  the  Bottom  maker ;  we  pass  on  through  various  rooms, 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  155 

and  we  see  the  makers  of  Tops,  Legs,  Cases,  and  Keys,  the 
bellyman,  the  finishers,  the  fly  finishers,  the  regulators,  tuners, 
varnishers  and  polishers,  the  block  makers,  the  lyric  action 
maker,  and  the  stringer.  Each  of  these  is  a  separate  branch 
of  business,  and  it  takes  from  six  to  nine  months  before  a  perfect 
piano  can  be  turned  out  of  their  factory.  During  their  thirty 
years'  experience,  they  have  manufactured  about  eight  thousand 
pianos,  ordinarily  employing  in  the 'different  departments  about 
one  hundred  men. 

Messrs.  Raven,  Bacon  &  Co.,  have  their  warerooms  at  135 
Grand  street,  where  they  have  on  hand  a  beautiful  assortment 
of  Pianos,  both  Grand  and  Square.  They  have  lately  given 
their  especial  attention  to  the  Grand,  and  have  succeeded  in 
manufacturing  a  very  superior  Piano,  which  will  stand  any 
climate  without  warping  or  losing  tone.  These  Pianos  are 
pronounced  by  judges  as  being  perfect  both  in  tone  and  make. 
Let  those  intending  purchasing,  pay  them  a  visit 


The  following  is  given  as  the  new  mode  of  parsing,  down 
east,  "  I  court."  Court  is  a  verb  active,  indicative  mood,  present 
tense,  and  agrees  with  all  the  girls  in  the  neighborhood. 


A  lady  In  an  omnibus  at  Washington  espied  the  great 
unfinished  dome  of  the  capitol,  and  said  innocently,  "  I  suppose 
those  are  the  gas-works  ?"  "  Yes,  madam,  for  the  nation"  was 
the  reply  of  a  fellow-passenger. 


An  architect  proposes  to  build  a  "  Bachelors'  Hall,"  which 
will  differ  from  most  houses  in  having  no  Eves. 


GUNPOWDER. 

For  men  (it  is  reported)  dash  and  vapor 
Less  on  the  field  of  battle  than  on  paper. 
Thus  in  the  history  of  each  dire  campaign 
More  carnage  loads  the  newspaper  than  plain. 

DR.  "WOLCOTT. 

Now  that  "grim-visaged  war"  has  appeared  in  our  midst  a 
few  words  about  this  most  destructive  article  may  not  be  out 
of  place.  The  date  of  its  invention  is  lost  in  obscurity ;  some 
writers  make  mention  of  it  as  early  as  A.D.  85  ;  others  say  it 
was  used  by  the  Arabs  at  the  siege  of  Mecca,  in  690,  and  others 
again  ascribe  the  invention  of  it  to  Berthold  Schwartz,  a 
monk,  about  the  year  1336.  But  the  generally  received  opi_ 
^nion  is,  that  it  was  known  to  the  Chinese  and  Indians,  long 
prior  to  "the  Christian  era,  and  was  doubtless  discovered  by 
accident. 

Gunpowder  consists  of  a  very  intimate  mixture  of  nitre, 
charcoal,  and  sulphur.  The  proportions  vary  for  different 
kinds,  but  generally  consist  of  about  three-qXiarters  nitre,  to 
one-eighth  charcoal,  and  one-eighth  sulphur.  The  ingredients 
are  separately  ground  to  a  fine  powder,  then  mixed,  rolled,  and 
again  ground,  and  taken  to  the  corning  Jjouse  to  be  grained. 
The  mixing  process  is  a  very  delicate  one,  as  the  strength  of 
the  powder  depends  upon  the  proportions  being  equally  pre- 
served. The  powder  when  grained  is  passed  through  a  series 
of  sieves,  first  to  separate  the  dust  from  it  and  also  the  different 
sized  grains  ;v  from  thence  it  is  taken  to  the  stove  and  dried, 
care  being  taken  not  to  raise  the  heat  so  as  to  dissipate  the 
sulphur. 

The  theory  of  the  action  of  gunpowder  is  this  :  That  parti- 
cle of  it  on  which  a  spark  falls  is  immediately  heated  to  a  state 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  157 

of  ignition,  the  nitre  is  decomposed,  and  its  oxygen  combines 
with  the  charcoal  and  sulphur  which  are  also  heated.  The 
combination  extricates  as  ranch  heat  as  is  sufficient  to  inflame 
successively,  though  rapidly,  the  remaining  mass,  liberating  car- 
bonic acid,  carbonic  oxide,  and  nitrogen,  which  forms  the  explo- 
sive power  of  gunpowder. 

One  of  the  largest  works  for  the  manufacture  of  this  article 
in  this  country,  or  indeed  we  -may  say  in  the  world,  is  that 
known  by  the  name  of  the  HAZARD. POWDER  COMPANY.  The 
main  works  are  situated  at  Hazard ville,  upon  the  Scantic 
river.  The  Company  have  also  mills  at  ScitTco,  East  Hartford, 
Conn.,  and  at  Canton  in  the  same  state.  -They  have  been  esta- 
blished for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  these  mills  at  these 
various  places  extend  over  a  distance  of  more  than  a  mile  in 
length,  and  half  a  mile  in  width  ;  these  mills  consist  in  part 
of  eighteen  sets  of  rolling  mills,  with  iron  wheels,  each  wheel 
weighing  eight  tons ;  seven-  different  granulating  mills ;  seven 
screw  presses,  and  three  hydraulic  presses  of  four  hundred 
tons  power  each,  some  twenty-five  to  thirty  dusting,  sorting 
drying,  glazing,  and  packing  houses;  with  extensive  saltpetre 
refineries  and  magazines;  cooper  shops,  iron  and  wood  machine 
shops,  stables,  outhouses,  <kc.  In  all  over  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  buildings,  giving  employment  to  hundreds  of  hands, 
which,  notwithstanding  the  hazardous  nature  of  the  business, 
they  find  no  difficulty  in  obtaining. 

The  moving  power  to  set  this  vast  mass  of  machinery  in 
motion,  consists  of  twenty-five  water-wheels  and  two  steam- 
engines,  one  being  a  very  large  and  beautifully  constructed  low- 
pressure  engine,  the  whole  comprising  one  of  the  most  complete 
and  perfect  gunpowder  manufactories  in  the  world. 

They  manufacture  annually  over  one  million  dollars'  worth  of 
the  various  brands  known  as  Government,  Sporting,  Shipping, 


158  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

and  Mining  Powder,  the  quality  and  reputation  of  which  are  well 
known  all  over  this  country  as  well  as  in  Europe.  During 
the  Crimean  war  this  Company  manufactured  ten  thousand 
barrels  of  powder  for  the  British  Government,  the  English 
works  not  being  able  to  turn  out  sufficient  for  their  con- 
sumption, and  they  had  the  gratifying  information  from 
officers  of  the  British  Army,  that  these  ten  thousand  barrels 
of  powder  were  of  superior  quality  to  any  they  had  used 
before. 

The  office  of  the  HAZARD  POWDER  COMPANY  in  New  York,  is 
at  89  Wall  street*  corner  of  Water,  and  while  wishing  the  house 
success  in  their  business,  which  their  enterprise  deserves,  we 
hope  that  the  article  may  increase  in  demand,  for  although 
(paradoxical  as  it  may  seem)  a  powerful  destroyer,  it  is  yet  a 
benefactor.  It  levels  our  roads,  bores  tunnels  for  our  railroads, 
clears  the  channels  of  our  rivers  from  rocks,  helps  to  dig  our 
canals,  and  is  most  useful  in  our  ntines.  In  these  it  is  a  power- 
ful agent  of  civilization,  and  we  hope  we  may  want  its  utmost 
aid  for  many  years  to  come. in  subduing  our  vast  extent  of  terri- 
tory from  wilderness  to  cultivation. 


Fanny  Fern  lately  said : — "  If  one-half  of  the  girls  only 
knew  the  previous  life  of  the  men  they  marry,  the  list  of  old 
maids  would  be  wonderfully  increased." 

But  the  Boston  Post  asks : — "  If  the  men  knew,  Fanny,  what 
their  future  lives  were  to  be,  wouldn't  it  increase  the  list  of  old 
maids  still  further  ?" 


Swinging  is  said  by  the  doctors  to  be  a  good  exercise  for 
health,  but  many  a  poor  wretcli  has  come  to  his  death  by  it. 


REPEATING  FIRE-ARMS. 

Then  said  the  mother  to  her  son, 

And  pointed  to  his  shield — 
"  Come  with  it  when  the  battle's  done, 

Or  ow  it,  from  the  field."  MONTGOMERY. 

We  recently  paid  a  visit  to  the  Manufactory  of  Colt's  Patent 
Fire-arms  Manufacturing,  Co.,  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  although 
we  were  prepared  to  find  a  large  establishment,  our  ideas  fell 
far  short  of  its  actual  magnitude.  At  the  present  moment, 
the  manufactory  is,  running  night  and  day,  employing  o*er 
eleven  hundred  hands,  and  so  great  is  the  demand  for  fire- 
arms of  this  "patent,  that  even  this  large  force  can  scarcely 
supply  it.  We  purpose  in  the  present  article  giving  a  descrip- 
tion of  this  manufactory,  with  some  items  respecting  the  origin 
of  this  invention,  for  which  we  are  indebted  to  a  paper  read 
by  Col.  Colt  before  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  in  London 
in  1851. 

It  appears  that,  while  a  very  young  man,  Mr.  Colt  had  paid 
much  attention  to  the  subject  of  fire-arms.  In  the  paper  pre- 
viously mentioned,  he  remarks  :  "  The  author,  living  in  a 
country  of  most  extensive  frontier,  still  inhabited  by  hordes  of 
aborigines,  and  knowing  the  insulated  position 'of  the  enter- 
prising pioneer  and  his  dependence,  sometimes  alone,  on  his 
personal  ability  to  protect  himself  and  family,  had  often  medi- 
tated upon  the  inefficiency  of  the  ordinary  double-barrelled 
gun  and  pistol,  both  involving  a  loss  of  time  in  reloading, 
which  was  too  frequently  fatal  in  the  peculiar  character  of 
Indian  border  warfare.  By  the  United  States  Government, 
also,  it  was  considered  an  object  of  great  importance  to  obtain 
an  effective  repeating  arm,  as  the  peculiar  characteristic  of  the 
mode  of  attack  by  the  mounted  Indians  was  to  overwhelm 
small  bodies  of  American  soldiers  by  rushing  down  on  them 
in  greatly  superior  numbers,  after  having  drawn  their  fire,  and 


.160  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

to  dispatch  them,  while  in  a  comparatively  defenceless  state, 
from  the  necessity  of  reloading  their  arms.  After  much 
reflection  and  repeated  trials,  he  effected  an  arrangement  in 
the  construction  of  revolving  fire-arms,  without  having  seen,  or 
being  aware,  at  that  period  (1829),  of  any  arm  more  effective 
than  a  double-barrelled  gun  having  ever  been  constructed,  and 
it  was  only  during  a  visit  to  Europe,  in  the  year  1835,  that  he 
discovered  he  was  not  the  first  person  who  had  conceived  the 
idea  of  repeating  fire-arms  with  a  rotating  chambered-breech." 

Undoubtedly  the  whole  idea  'and  construction  of  his  wonder- 
fully efficient  weapon  was  entirely  original  with  Colonel  Colt, 
and  most  likely  these  are  among  the  prominent  reasons  of  the 
great  triumph  of  his  efforts.  Had  he  been  furnished  with  the 
results  of  those  who  preceded  him,  probably  he  would  have  too 
nearly  followed  in  their  tracks,  and  thus  have  been  diverted 
from  the  goal  of  success.  This  hypothesis  has,  in  a  measure, 
been  illustrated  in  some  of  the  minor  acts  of  his  life ;  and  we 
understand  that  the  theory  now  practised  by  him  is  to  depend 
solely  on  his  personal  resources.  If  he  wishes  to  accomplish  a 
certain  object,  let  it  be  a  new  application  of  machinery,  or 
what  not,  he  desires  no  rehearsal  of  the  efforts  of  others ;  but, 
in  his  own  way,  and  by  his  own  personal  ingenuity,  the  result 
is  produced. 

The  original  conception  of  Colonel  Colt,  in  regard  to  fire- 
arms, was  the  combination  of  a  number  of  long  barrels  to 
rotate  upon  a  spindle,  by  the  act  of  cocking  the  lock,  in  the 
same  manner  that  they  have  since  been  made  by  others,  who 
claim  to  have  originated  the  plan  ;  but,  as  objections  arose 
from  the  weight  and  bulk  of  the  arm,  in  his  study  to  obviate 
them,  the  idea  of  a  single  barrel  and  a  chambered  breech  sug- 
gested itself  to  him.  Although  without  the  pecuniary  means 
of  then  practically  testing  His  convictions,  he  made  a  small 
wooden  model  of  his  conception,  which  he  possesses  at  the 
present  day.  He  then  assiduously  pursued  his  calling,  as  a 


THE   UNION   SKETCH  BOOK.  161 

scientific  lecturer,  and  from  its  rewards  procured  the  aid  to 
manufacture  specimen  arms,  which  in  their  practical  results 
exceeded  even  his  own  most  sanguine  expectations;  and  in 
1835  he  received  his  first  patent  from  the  Government  of  the 
United  States. 

After  procuring  this  patent,  Colonel  Colt's  want  of  pecuniary 
aid  placed  him  in  the  situation  of  most  successful  inventors, 
and  his  only  course  was  to  engage  the  attention  of  capitalists 
to  form  a  company,  which  he  succeeded  in  doing  in  1836. 
This  company  lasted  till  1842,  when  they  had  to  suspend 
operations.  From  that'  time,  till  1847,  none  were  manu- 
factuced,  and  the  stock  previously  in  hand  was  completely 
exhausted.  The  Mexican  war  breaking  out  in  this  year, 
General  Taylor,  who  had  witnessed  the  utility  of  these  weapons 
in  Florida,  sent  Captain  Walker  to  procure  a  supply  of  revolvers 
from  Col.  Colt,  but  not  one  could  be  found.  Col.  Colt,  how- 
ever, was  equal  to  the  emergency.  He  was  then  looked  upon 
as  a  ruined  man,  but  he  thought  otherwise,  and  at  once  con- 
tracted to  furnish  the  Government  one  thousand  arms.  From 
that  day  to  the  present  his  business  has  been  a  constant 
success,  and  has  resulted  in  the  completion  of  the  most  perfect 
establishment  for  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms  that  exists  on 
this  or  any  other  continent. 

AYithin  the  corporate  limits  of  the  City  of  Hartford,  imme- 
diately below  the  Little  or  Mill  River,  is  a  section  of  land,  con- 
taining about  250  acres,  which,  owing  to  its  formerly  being 
submerged  at  the  periodical  freshets  of  the  Connecticut  River, 
was  available  at  certain  seasons  only,  and  then  but  for  grazing. 
Colonel  Colt  selected  and  purchased  this  spot  as  his  field  of 
operations.  His  first  move  was  to  erect  an  embankment,  or 
dyke,  by  which  the  waters  of  the  Connecticut  were  entirely 
and  permanently  excluded;  thus  reclaiming  the  land  for  build- 
ing purposes  or  tillage,  as  might  be  desired.  This  embank- 
ment is  about  two  miles  long,  averaging  over  one  hundred  feet 


162  THE    UNION   SKETCH  BOOK. 

wide  at  the  base,  and  over  forty  feet  in  width  at  the  top,  and 
from  ten  to  twenty  feet  in  height.  It  is  built  in  the  most  sub- 
stantial manner,  the  sides  being  covered  with  osier,  both  for 
protection  ahd  ornament.  From  the  smoothness  of  the  road, 
and  the  beautiful  scenery  in  the  vicinity,  the  dyke  has  become 
the  fashionable  drive  of  the  citizens. 

The  new  armory  is  located  about  one  hundred  yards  south 
of  the  mouth  of  Little  River,  immediately  inside  of  the  dyke, 
and  fronting  on  the  west  side  of  the  Connecticut  River.  It 
was  finished  and  operations  commenced  in  it  in  the  Fall  of 
1855.  The  ground  plan  of  the  principal  buildings  forms  the 
letter  H-  It  is  a  massive  structure  of  brown  sand-stone,  of  the 
variety  usually  designated  "Portland  freestone."  The  front 
parallel  is  500  feet  long,  60  wide,  and  three  stories  high ;  at 
the  centre,  for  about  sixty  feet  of  the  front,  there  is  a  projection 
of  eighteen  feet  wide,  surmounted  by  a  pediment.  This  forms 
ample  space  for  hall  and  stairways  to  give  access  to  the  several 
stories.  On  top  is  the  cupola,  with  a  canopy  of  blue  embla- 
zoned with  gilt  stars,  the  whole  surmounted  by  a  large  gilt 
ballj  on  which  stands  a  COLT,  rampant.  The  rear  parallel  is 
500  feet  long  by  40  wide ;  the  centre  building  is  150  feet  long 
by  60  wide,  and  three  stories  high.  At  each  end,  between  the 
extremities  of  the  parallels,  are  two  small  two-story  dwellings, 
both  of  which  are  occupied  by  the1  watchman ;  from  these 
erections  to  the  main  buildings  are  heavy  walls,  with  massive 
gates;  thus  the  space  inclosed  by  the  stone  walls  is  just  500  by 
250  feet  square.  Nearly  adjoining  on  the  north,  and  connected 
to  the  main  building  by  a  light  lattice-work  bridge,  is  a  brick 
building,  three  stories  high,  60  by  75  feet  square,  and  sur- 
mounted by  a  turret  and  clock.  This  is  occupied  by  the  offi- 
cers, and  as  a  ware  room. 

The  motive  power  is  located  about  the  centre  of  the  main 
building.  It  consists  of  a  beam  engine — cylinder,  36  inches 
in  diameter,  7  feet  stroke,  fly-wheel  30  feet  in  diameter,  weigh- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  163 

ing  7  tons.  This  engine,  which  is  rated  at  250  horse-power,  is 
supplied  with  the  well-known  "Sickel's  Cut-off,"  which  the 
superintendent  and  engineer  speak  of  as  the  most  useful  and 
important  addition  to  the  steam-engine  since  the  days  of  Watt. 
The  steam  is  furnished  from  two  cylindrical  boilers,  each  22 
feet  long  and  7  feet  diameter.  The  power  is  carried  to  the 
attic  by  a  belt  working  on  the  fly-wheel ;  this  belt  is  118  feet 
long  by  22  inches  wide,  and  travels  at  the  rate  of  2500  feet  per 
minute. 

Leaving  the  office  we  cross  the  bridge,  pass  down  through 
the  machine  shop,  engine  room,  etc.,  to  the  rear  parallel,  an 
apartment  40  by  50  feet  square,  the  centre  of  which  is  appro- 
priated as  the  store-room  for  iron  and  steel.  Large  quantities 
of  these  materials,  in  bars  and  rods,  are  stored  here  in  charge 
of  a  responsible  party,  whose  duty  it  is  to  fill  the  orders  from 
the  contractors,  and  render  an  accurate  statement  of  such 
deliveries  to  the  main  storekeeper's  department.  This  latter 
system  is  universal  throughout  the  establishment — thus  the 
materials  of  all  kinds  can  be  readily  accounted  for,  no  matter 
what  their  state  of  transposition. 

We  now  pass  into  the  forge  shop,  an  apartment  40  by  200 
feet  square,  comprising  the  whole  of  one  arm  of  the  parallel. 
Along  each  side  range  stacks  of  double-covered  forges — the 
blasts  for  which,  entering  and  discharging  through  flues  in  the 
walls,  carry  off  the  smoke  and  gases.  Here,  for  the  first  time 
in  our  life,  we  were  in  a  blacksmith's  shop  in  full  operation,  yet 
free  from  smoke  and  cinders,  and  with'  a  pure  atmosphere. 
Several  kinds  of  hammers  are  used — those  most  in  use,  how- 
ever, being  "drops"  of  a  novel  construction  and  peculiar  to  the 
establishment ;  they  are  raised  on  the  endless  screw  principle, 
and  tripped  by  a  trigger  at  the.  will  of  the  operator.  All  the 
parts  of  the  fire-arm  composed  of  iron  or  steel  are  forged  in 
swedges,  in  which,  although  they  may  have  ever  so  many  pre- 
liminary operations,  the  shape  is  finally  completed  at  a  single 


164  THE   UNION   SKETCH   BOOK. 

blow.  That  some  idea  may  be  formed  of  the  amount  of  work 
on  a  single  rifle  or  pistol,  we  have  determined  to  state  the 
number  of  separate  operations  of  each  portion,  and  in  each 
department.  We  adopt  the  navy  or  belt  pistol,  the  weight  of 
which  is  thirty-eight  ounces,  as  the  example.  In  forging,  the 
number  of  separate  heats  are  enumerated :  lockframe,  2  ;  barrel? 
3 ;  lever,  2  ;  rammer,  1 ;  hammer,  2 ;  hand,  2  ;  trigger,  2 ;  bolt, 
2 ;  main  spring,  2 ;  key,  2  ;  nipples,  2  each,  12  ;  thus  we  find 
that  no  less  than  thirty-two  separate  and  distinct  operations, 
some  of  which  contain  in  themselves  several  subdivisions,  are 
required  in  the  forging  for  a  single  pistol. 

After  forging,  each  piece  is  inspected,  and,  if  passed,  is 
removed  to  the  annealing  ovens,  which  are  situated  in  the 
foundry — this  latter  occupying  the  opposite  arm  of  the  rear 
parallel,  its  dimensions  also  being  40  by  200  feet.  The  arrange- 
ments here  for  both  brass  and  iron  castings  are  on  a  liberal 
scale  ;  the  former  is  mostly  for  mountings,  bullet-moulds,  etc. — 
the  latter  for  machinery.  After  being  annealed,  the  forgings 
are  immersed  in  a  chemical  preparation  to  cleanse  them  by 
removing  the  scales  and  dirt;  they  are  now  ready  for  milling* 
shaping,  etc. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  describe  all  the  operations  performed  by 
the  machines;  a  few  will  render  the  whole  understandable. 
Taking  the  lockframe,  for  instance  :  they  commence  by  fixing 
the  centre,  and  drilling  and  tapping  the  base  for  receiving  the 
arbor  or  breech-pin,  which  has  been  previously  prepared — the 
helical  grove  cut  in  it,  and  the  lower  end  screwed — once 
grasped  is  firmly  fixed  into  its  position,  furnishing  a  definite 
point  from  which  all  the  operations  are  performed,  and  to 
which  all  the  parts  bear  relation.  The  facing  and  hollowing 
of  the  recoil  shield  and  frame,  the  cutting  and  sinking  the 
central  recesses,  the  cutting  out  all  the  grooves  and  orifices, 
planing  the  several  flat  surfaces  and  shaping  the  curved  parts, 
prepare  the  frames  for  being  introduced  between  hard  steel 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  165 

clamps,  through  which  all  the  holes  are  drilled,  borc'd  and 
tapped  for  the  various  screws;  so  that,  afte*r  passing  through 
thirty-three  distinct  operations,  and  the  little  hand-finishing 
required  in  removing  the  burr  from  the  edges,  the  lock-frame 
is  ready  for  the  inspector.  The  rotating,  chambered  cylinder  is 
turned  out  of  cast-steel  bars,  manufactured  expressly  for  the 
purpose.  The  machines,  after  getting  them  the  desired  length, 
drill  centre  holes,  square  up  ends,  turn  for  ratchet,  turn  exterior, 
smooth  and  polish,  engrave,  bore  chambers,  drill  partitions^ 
tap  for  nipples,  cut  pins  for  hammer-rest  and  ratchet,  and 
screw  in  nipples.  In  all  there  are  thirty-six  separate  operations 
before  the  cylinder  is  ready  to  follow  the  Jock-frame  to  the 
inspector.  In  the  same  manner  the  barrel,  forged  solidly  from 
a  bar  of  cast  steel,  is  bored  and  completed  to  calibre,  and  is 
then  submitted  to  the  various  operations  of  planing,  grooving 
the  lower  projection  beneath  the  barrel,  with  which  the  base 
pin  is  ultimately  connected,  tapped,  and  then  rifled.  The 
barrel  goes  through  forty-five  separate  operations  on  the 
machines.  The  other  parts  are  subject  to  about  the  following 
number:  lever,  27;  rammer,  19;  hammer,  28;  hand,  20; 
trigger,  21;  bolt,  21;  key,  18;  -sear  spring,  12;  fourteen 
screws,  seven  each,  98 ;  six  cones,  eight  each,  48  ;  guard,  1 8 ; 
handle-strap,  5  ;  stock,  5.  Thus  it  will  be  observed  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  labor  is  completed  in  this  department. 
Even  all  the  various  parts  of  the  lock  are  made  by  machinery, 
each  having  its  relative  initial  point  to  work  from,  and  on  the 
correctness  of  which  the  perfection  depends. 

As  soon  as  completed  the  different  parts  are  carried  to  the 
story  above,  which,  with  the  exception  of  the  machinery  and 
the  columns  through  the  centre,  is  an  exact  counterpart  of  the 
room  below.  It  is  designated  the  Inspecting  and  Assembling 
Department.  Here  the  different  parts  are  most  minutely 
inspected;  this  embraces  a  series  of  operations  which  in  the 
aggregate  amount  to  considerable  ;  the  tools  to  inspect  acylin- 


166         THE  UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

cler,  for  example,  are  fifteen  in  number,  each  of  which  must 
gauge  to  a  hair ;  the  greatest  nicety  is  observed,  and  it  is 
absolutely  impossible  to  get  a  slighted  piece  of  work  beyond 
this  point.  On  finishing  his  examination,  the  inspector 
punches  his  initial  letter  on  the  piece  inspected, 'thus  pledging 
his  reputation  on  its  quality. 

The  mountings,  consisting  of  the  handle-strap  and  guard, 
which  are  composed  of  gun-metal,  are  cast,  and  afterwards 
worked  up  in  the  machines,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  other 
metal  work.  The  woodwork  of  the  stock  is  also  shaped  by 
machinery. 

Each  part  having  been  thus  far  completed  in  itself, 
now  comes  the  first  uniting,  or  assembling,  as  the  workmen 
term  it.  Let  us  get  our  navy  pistol  in  shape  ;  to  do  so 
we  will  want  a  cylinder  barrel,  lock-frame,  hammer,  trigger, 
bolt,  key,  main-spring,  hand,  sear-spring,  lever,  rammer,  guard, 
back-strap,  stock,  and  a  number  of  peculiar  screws.  These 
are  readily  united  by  the  assembler,  and  our  pistol  assumes  its 
material  shape.  It  is  now  numbered  ;  to  make  it  special,  we 
will  designate  our  number  as  13,565  ;  the  imprint  of  the 
establishment,  "  Address  Colonel  Sam.  Colt,  Hartford,  Conn.," 
is  also  stamped  on  at  this  time.  It  is  now  -carefully  taken 
apart,  all  the. pieces  being  stamped  the  particular  number  of 
the  arm  ;  and  thus  our  barrel,  cylinder,  etc.,  each  with  a  quan- 
tity of  his  fellows,  are  taken  away  for  their  final  finishing. 

Most  of  the  metal  work  is  carried  to  the  dry  polishing  shop 
— a  room  sixty  feet  square,  located  in  the  third  story  of  the 
centre  building.  Here  it  is  polished  on  emery  and  other 
wheels,  about  half  a  yard  in  diameter,  the  operatives  sitting  at 
their  work,  as  observed  in  the  illustration.  After  inspection, 
the  barrels  and  cylinders  are  handed  over  for  the  blueing  pro- 
cess— an  operation  that  requires  nicety  and  practical  experi- 
ence. The  ovens  for  this,  as  well  as  for  the  case-hardening — 
to  which  process  all  the  iron  work  is  submitted — as  well  as  the 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  167 

forges  for  tempering  the  springs,  etc.,  are  located  in  the  forge 
shop.  From  the  polishers  the  mountings  go  to  the  electro- 
platers,  who  occupy  a  room  25  by  40,  in  the  basement  of  the 
office  building,  where  they  are  plated  with  silver,  and  afterwards 
burnished.  The  wood  work  returns  to  the  stock-maker's  shop 
a  room  60  by  80,  in  the  third  story  of  the  centre  building. 
This  is  supplied  with  power  saws,  planes,  morticing,  and  shap- 
ing machines,  for  wood  work,  and,  as  throughout  the  whole 
establishment,  every  means  is  adopted  for  labor-saving.  The 
stock  then  comes  back  for  varnishing  and  the  final  finishing. 

On  their  final  completion,  all  the  parts  are  delivered  to  the 
general  store-keeper's  department,  a  room  60  feet  wide  by 
190  feet  long,  situated  in  _  the  second  story  of  the  central 
building,  and  extending  over  the  rear  parallel.  All  the  hand- 
tools  and  materials  (except  the  more  bulky  kinds)  are  distri- 
buted to  the  workmen  from  this  place;  several  clerks  arc 
required  to  parcel  the  goods  out,  and  keep  the  accounts ;  in 
fact,  it  is  a  store,  in  the  largest  sense  of  the  term,  and  rather 
on  the  wholesale  principle  at  that.  On  the  reception  of 
finished,  full  sets  of  the  parts  of  the  pistols,  they  are  once  more 
carried  up  to  the  assembling  room  ;  but  this  time'  to  another 
corps  of  artisans.  Guided  by  the  numbers,  they  are  once 
more  assembled  ;  and  now,  although  each  portion  has  asso- 
ciated with  scores  of  its  fellows,  and  gone  through  many  dis- 
tinct operations  in  distant  parts  of  the  establishment,  our 
particular  pistol,  number  13,565,  is  re-assembled  as  first 
united,  and  the  finished  arm  is  laid  on  a  rack,  ready  for  the 
prover ;  of  course  many  others  accompany  it  to  the  depart- 
ment of  this  official,  which  is  located  in  the  third  story  of  the 
rear  building.  Here  each  chamber  is  loaded  with  the  largest 
charge  possible,  and  practically  tes_ted  by  firing  ;  after  which, 
they  are  wiped  out  by  the  prover,  and  returned  to  the  inspec- 
tion department.  The  inspectors  again  take  them  apart, 
thoroughly  clean  and  oil  them,  when  they  are  for  the  last  time 


168  THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 

put  together,  and  placed  in  a  rack  for  the  final  inspection. 
The  parts  having  been  so  thoroughly  examined  and  tested,  it 
would  seem  that  this  last  inspection  was  scarcely  necessary  ; 
but,  after  a  short  observation,  we  saw  several  laid  aside. 
Taking  up  one  with  a  small  mark  on  the  barrel — "  Why  do 
you  reject  this  ? "  we  inquired.  "  Pass  this  to-day,  and  pro- 
bably much  larger  blemishes  would  appear  to-rnorrow."  The 
order  from  the  Principal  is  perfection  ;  and  a  small  scratch  in 
the  bluing  or  varnish  is  sufficient  to  prevent  the  arm  passing. 
The  finished  arm  is  now  returned  to  the  store  room  ;  from 
whence,  after  being  papered,  they  are  sent  to  the  wareroorn — 
situated  in  the  basement  of  the  office  building;  from  this  they 
are  sent  to  nearly  every  portion  o£  the  habitable  globe. 

We  have  thus  given  a  brief  review  of  Colt's  arms  manufac- 
turing company,  which  our  want  of  space  has  forced  us  to 
condense  so  much,  that  we  fear  we  have  failed  to  convey  a 
very  forcible  idea  of  its  extent ;  a  volume  could  be  written  on 
the  subject,  and  even  then  leave'  room  for  more,  so  numerous 
and  varied  are  the  different  operations  carried  on  in  this  esta- 
blishment. 

This  company  has  an  office,  and  samples  of  their  manufac- 
tures, at  No.  240  Broadway,  New  York. 


Why  will  America's  emblem  outlive  those  of  England, 
France,  Ireland,  and  Scotland  ?  Because  the  rose  must  fade — 
the  lily  droop — the  shamrock  die— the  thistle  wither,  but  the 
stars  are  eternal. 


John  Reeve  was  accosted  by  an  elderly  man  with  a  small 
bottle  of  gin  in  his  hand,  "  Pray,  sir,  I  beg  your  pardon,  is  this 
the  way  to  the  workhouse  ?"  John,  pointing  to  the  bottle, 
gravely  said,  "  No,  my  man,  but  tlmt  i  !  '' 


SHOT,   LEAD,   PIPE,  Ac. 

Ah  me !  what  perils  do  environ 
The  man  that  meddles  with  cold  iron. 

BUTLER. 

Unquestionably  the  most  extensive  establishment  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  above-named  articles  is  that  of  Messrs. 
THOMAS  OTIS  LEROY  &  Co.,  Nos.  261  and  203  Water  street, 
New  York. 

The  facilities  of  this  firm  for  the  manufacture  of  lead  pipe, 
sheet  lead,  pure  block  tin  pipe,  sheet  tin.  drop  and  buck  shot, 
bar  lead,  musket  and  rifle  balls,  are  unsurpassed,  having  a  large 
and  well  regulated  factory,  and  machinery  of  the  most  improved 
construction  for  the  business.  Their  machinery  for  the  manu- 
facture of  lead  and  tin  pipe,  is  superior  to  any  other  in  use, 
from  the  perfection  of  the  article  it  produces ;  and  the  privilege 
of  using  it,'  is  enjoyed  by  this  firm  exclusively.  Their  drop  shot 
is  also  manufactured  under  a  patent,  which,  by  a  very  simple 
operation,  furpishes  a  quality  of  shot  which  has  never  been 
excelled.  The  quality  of  their  buck  shot  and  balls  is  superior 
to  any  other  made  in  this  country,  as  it  is  compressed  and 
much  more  perfect  than  possible  to  make  it  in  any  other  way. 
They  are  the  only  manufacturers  who  make  buck  shot  and  bul- 
lets by  this  method. 

This  establishment  consumes  annually  about  6,000  tons  of 
pig  lead,  besides  large  quantities  of  block  tin. 

They  keep  a  large  stock  constantly  on  hand  of  U.  S.  Minie 
musket  and  rifle  balls,  and  every  description  of  round  and  coni- 
cal bullets  on  hand  or  made  to  order. 


Hood  once  admonished  a  gossiping  Christian  to  beware  lest  her 
piety  should  prove,  after  all,  to  be  nothing  better  than  mag-piety. 

8 


FANCY  GOODS,  FOREIGN  AND  DOMESTIC. 

"We  live  in  deeds,  not  years — in  thoughts,  not  breaths — 
In  feelings,  not  in  figures  on  a  dial ; — 
We  should  count  time  by  heart-throbs.     He  most  lives, 
"Who  thinks  most — feels  the  noblest — acts  the  best. 

BETLEK. 

The  list  of  goods  nnder  this  heading  has  of  late  years  been 
so  continually  increased,  that  at  the  present  moment  it 
would  require  a  Look  of  considerable  magnitude  to  convey 
anything  like  an  accurate  idea  of  the  almost  endless  variety  of 
goods  that  are  required  for  a  stock  of  any  of  the  first  class 
dealers  of  New  York.  As  our  space  does  not  admit  of  a  de- 
tailed account  of  them  we  shall  content  ourselves  with  » 
brief  description  of  -one  of  the  largest  fancy  goods  stores  in 
the  city,  together  with  some  facts  and  figures  which  may  prove 
of  interest,  and  at  the  same  time  serve  to  convey  some  idea 
of  the  importance  of  this  trade. 

We  allude  to  the  firm  of  Gary,  Howard,  Sangcr  &  Co., 
who  have  been  in  tire  business  nearly  thirty-five  years,  during 
which  lengthened  period  they  have  had  the  opportunity  of 
.contributing  materially  to  the  development  of  the  manufac- 
ture of  Domestic  Fancy  Goods.  In  the  earlier  stages  of  their 
business  a  very  large  number  of  articles  were  obtained  exclu- 
sively from  abroad.  Now,  these  same  articles  are  mostly 
manufactured  here.  Messrs.  C.  H.  S.  &  Co.  early  perceived 
the  advantage  to  the  country  of  manufacturing  at  home,  in- 
stead of  importing,  and  assisted  both  pecuniarily  and  other- 
wise, several  manufacturers,  to  establish  themselves,  and  the 
consequences  have  been  so  much  more  labor  employed,  and  so 
many  more  of  the  resources  of  our  country  developed.  For 
their  own  contribution  to  home  labor,  they  established  a 
manufactory  for  Horn  Combs,  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  for  Ivory 
Combs,  at  Deep  River,  Conn.,  both  of  which  are  of  the  largest 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK.  171 

class,  and  in  point  of  equipments  and  quality  of  productions, 
second  to  none. 

To  give  our  readers  an  idea  of  their  extensive  establishment, 
let  them  imagine  a  six-story  iron  building  of  very  beautiful 
architecture,  having  a  frontage  on  two  of  the  principal  business 
streets  of  New  York  of  50  feet,  extending  through  150  feet, 
and  on  opening  any  of  the  doors  on  the  first  floor  see  the 
whole  of  this  extensive  area  at  one  glance,  there  being  nothing 
to  obstruct  the  view  save  the  iron  columns  supporting  the 
floors  above  ;  between  these  columns  are  innumerable  counters 
with  passages  running  at  right  angles.  On  these  counters,  to 
the  right,  to  the  left,  and  in  front,  are  displayed  the  goods 
the  product  of  the  taste  and  ingenuity  of  three  continents,  yes, 
perhaps  we  might  say  four  continents,  although  Africa  does 
not  at  the  present  moment  contribute  much  to  the  tasteful 
ingenuity  of  the  world.  The  eye  cannot  take  in  at  one  glance 
the  immense  variety  of  goods  presented  to  it.  Prominently 
we  see  the  larger  and  more  valuable  articles  of  Bronzes, 
Jewelry,  Watches,  Clocks,  Dressing  Cases ;  but  on  closer 
inspection  we  find  the  more  indispensable  and  unpretending 
articles  of  domestic  use.  Here  are  Combs,  Buttons,  Sewing 
Silk,  Stationery,  &c.  This  floor  forms  a  kind  of  sample-room 
from  which  to  select  the  smaller  kinds  of  fancy  goods,  and  the 
more  valuable  articles  of  jewelry,  &c.,  while  the  great  bulk  of 
the  stock  is  stored  in  the  floors  below.  Descending  to  the 
basement  we  see  a  very  large  assortment  of  Perfumery, 
Threads,  Spool  Cottons,  Brushes,  Suspenders,  Tapes,  Hooks 
and  Eyes,  Pins,  and  other  bulky  articles  ;  Here  also  is  the  office 
of  the  entry  and  shipping  clerks,  which  is  a  scene  of  incessant 
activity  in  the  busy  seasons. 

In  the  floor  below  this  is  the  packing  and  store-room  for 
whole  packages,  which  are  transferred  from  the  street  to  this 
floor,  and  vice  versa,  by  means  of  hoistways  of  very  ingenious 
machinery.  These  floors  are  forty  feet  longer  than  the  otlu-rs, 
and  capable  of  containing  an  immense  number  of  packages, 


172  THE  UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 

which  are  stored  with  such  perfect  order  and  system,  that  any 

special  one  can  i»e  reached  at  any  moment. 

From  the  street-floor  we  ascend  by  a  large  double  staircase 

to  another,  in  which  is  arranged  the  Fancy  Hardware,  Cutlery, 

Guns,  Pistols,  Needles,  Musical  Instruments, .  &c.,  which  can 

only  be  properly  and  advantageously  exhibited  in  light  and 

dry  rooms. 

We  have  thus   briefly  enumerated  some   of  the  principal 

articles  exhibited  in  the  store  occupied  by  Messrs.  C.  H.  S.  & 

Co. ;  to  go  into  detail  would  be  impossible,  as  they  have  over 
fifteen  hundred  different  kinds  of  merchandize,  each  of  these 

being  again  subdivided  into  ten  times  the  number  of  varieties, 

and  perhaps  even  more  than  that. 

The  Store  at  Nos.  105  and  107  Chambers,  and  89  and  91 
Reade  street,  was  built  in  1857,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Gary,  the 
senior  member  of  the  firm,  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.  Being 
designed  for  their  business,  it  may  be  regarded  as  the  most 
complete,  spacious,  and  elegant  warehouse  of  any  in  this  trade 
in  the  world,  while  the  beautiful  architecture  of  the  two  fronts, 
both  of  the  same  design,  forms  quite  an  attractive  feature  of 
our  city.  In^  this  store  they  employ  over  fifty  persons,  while 
their  factories  at  Newark  and  Deep  River,  for  the  making  of 
raw-horn  and  ivory  combs  of  every  description,  give  employ- 
ment to  hundreds  of  mechanics  and  laborers. 

It  may  well  be  imagined  that  a  business  of  so  varied  and 
intricate  a  character  would  require  the  exercise  of  much  fore- 
thought and  good  management.  With  a  large  class  of  buyers 
scattered  broadcast  "throughout  this  and  other  countries,  a 
peculiar  system  becomes  necessary,  and  it  is  pleasing  to  ob- 
serve throughout  the  establishment  the  constant  exercise  of 
that  wisdom,  vigilance,  and  harmonious  arrangement,  which 
always  bespeak  the  qualifications  of  the  true  business  man. 

One  of  the  peculiar  advantages  of  a  business  'such  as  we 
have  described,  where,  as  before  stated,  are  to  be  found  upwards 
of  fifteen  hundred  different  articles,  is,  that  it  saves  to  purcha- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  173 

sers  much  time  and  perplexity,  ordinarily  occasioned  by  seek- 
ing goods  at  various  places. 

Having  thus  briefly  given  an  outline  sketch  of  the  largest 
and  most  complete  establishment  of  the  kind  in  the  world,  we 
conclude  by  saying  that  this  house  alone  is  the  most  satisfac- 
tory evidence  of  the  triumphs  of  American  excellence  in  com- 
merce and  the  fine  arts. 


The«5ngle  lady  of  a  certain  age  is  a  personage  scarcely  at  all 
seen,  at  any  rate  in  her  proper  position,  except  in  England.  In 
Roman  Catholic  countries  she  takes  refuge  in  a  convent;  she  is 
hardly  considered  respectable ;  whereas  here,  she  is  respecta- 
bility itself!  The  old  maid  of  old  novels  and  plays,  indeed, 
prim,  censorious,  and  spiteful,  is  disappearing.  In  her  place  we 
have  a  most  cheerful,  contented,  benevolent,  and  popular  lady, 
seldom  behind  the  fashion  or  behind  the  news  and  literature  of 
the  day — beloved  by  nephews  and  nieces,  married  brothers  and 
sisters,  and  cousins ;  a  tower  of  strength  in  times  of  sickness 
and  family  troubles ;  a  favorite  visitor,  yet  not  always  visiting, 
nor  staying  too  long ;  sometimes,  on  the  contrary,  having  a 
snug  little  home  of  her  own,  where  pet  nieces  and  nephews: 
spend  a  few  days  most  delightfully ;  a  guardian  angel  to  the 
poor ;  a  valuable  auxiliary  to  the  clergyman  and  clergyman's 
wife;  in  high  esteem  and  respect  among  the  tradespeople;  a 
famous  letter-writer,  and  the  fabricator  of  most  beautiful  fancy 
work.  Of  this  genus  we  are  privileged  to  know  several  speci- 
mens, some  of  whom,  we  are  bold  to  hope,  will  bridle  when 
they  read  this  little  account,  and  say,  with  a  pleased,  half- 
doubtful  look  :  "  Well,  I'm  sure,  this  can't  be  me !"  Yes,  it  is 
you,  aunt  Kate  and  aunt  Maria,  and  ever  so  many  aunts  with 
pretty  names,  and  who  have  been  pretty  young  women  in  your 
time,  and  who  now  have  something  dearer  than  beauty.  You 
are  the  salt  of  the  country ;  as  long  as  you  are  the  objects  and 
subjects  of  such  warm  and  kindly  feeling,  you  greatly  contri- 
bute to  the  support  of  the  social  affections. 


NEW  YORK  HOSPITAL, 

Situated  between  Duane  and  Worth  streets,  is  a  most  important 
benevolent  institution,  of  which,  indeed,  there  is  a  goodly  num- 
ber in  New  York.  It  dates  back  to  1771,  when  it  was  founded 
by  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  who  was  at  that  time  governor  of  the 
colony.  The  accommodation  for  patients,  which  of  late  years 
has  been  grea'tly  enlarged,  is  very  extensive,  and  excellent  in 
every  respect.  It  is  a  receptacle  in  cases  of  sudden  accidents. 
It  is  not  altogether  gratuitous  ;  but,  to  such  as  are  able  to  pay 
a  little,  it  offers  most  important  advantages — four  dollars  a  week 
commanding  the  best  medical  attendance,  besides  nursing  and 
medicine.  The  students,  too,  have  the  benefit,  for  a  small  annual 
fee,  of  accompanying  the  surgeons  in  their  rounds. 


A  new  theatre  is  now  nearly  completed  on  Broadway  above 
13th  st.,  having  an  entrance  on  the  latter  and  running  through  to 
Fourth  Avenue.  We  should  have  liked  to  have  given  some  par- 
ticulars about  it,  but  when  we  applied  for  information,  sending 
in  to  his  H.  J.  H.,  the  lessee,  our  piece  of  pasteboard,  that  mag- 
nate declined  seeing  us  or  giving  any  particulars,  so  we  can  only 
satisfy  the  public  there  is  a  building  said  to  be  intended  for  a 
theatre  located  on  that  spot;  and  we  will  further  inform  them, 
that  should  they  at  any  time  visit  it  they  will  find  exactly  oppo- 
site the  13th  street  entrance  a  most  genial  clever  fellow  by  the 
name  of  Thorp,  whose  oysters  and  other  refreshments  have  been 
celebrated  from  time  immemorial ;  should  they  experience  a 
vacuum  in  the  interior  (which  nature  abhors)  he  will  satisfy  it 
with  the  choicest  the  market  affords.  The  principal  entrance 
to  the  hotel  is  838  Broadway. 


ENGRAVING. 


Such  is  the  strength  of  art,  rough  things  to  shape, 
And  of  rude  commons,  rich  enclosures  make. 

HOWKLL. 


GEORGE  WASHINGTON. 
Engraved  on  Wood  and  Electrotyped  by  A.  H.  Jocelyn,  80  Fulton  st,  New  York. 


176  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

ALBERT   H.  JOCELYN,  60  FULTON  STREET. 

.We have  abundant  evidence  to  prove  that  the  art  of  Engraving 
is  of  the  remotest  antiquity.  In  the  early  history  of  the  Jews,  fre- 
quent mention  is  made  of  it  in  the  Bible.  Thus,  from  the  Book 
of  Exodus  we  have  the  command  given  to  Moses,  "  to  make 
a  plate  of  pure  gold  and  grave  upon  it,  like  the  engraving  of  a 
signet,  holiness  to  the  Lord."  And  again,  "to  take  two  Onyx 
stones  and  grave  on  them  the  names  of  the  children  of  Israel, 
according  to  their  birth,  with  the  work  of  an  engraver  on 
stone."  Both  these  passages  distinctly  imply  the  practice  of 
gem  and  seal  engraving,  and  also  of  engraving  on  metal  plates, 
a  knowledge  of  which,  among  other  arts,  was  doubtless  acquired 
by  the  Israelites  from  the  Egyptians  during  their  bondage. 

From  Plerodotus,  we  learn  that  one  of  the  earliest  uses  to 
which  engraving  was  applied  among  the  Greeks  was,  the  delinea- 
tion of  maps  on  metal  plates.  He  says  (v.  49),  that  "  Aristago- 
ras  appeared  before  thp  King  of  Sparta  with  a  tablet  of  brass 
in  his  hand,  on  which  was  inscribed  every  pan  of  the  habitable 
world,  the  seas,  and  the  rivers;  and  to  this  he  pointed  as  he 
spoke  of  the  several  countries  between  the  Ionian  sea  and 
Susa."  The  date  of  this  event  was  500  B.C. 

That  an  art  so  abundantly  capable  of  diffusing  all  kinds  of 
knowledge,  should  have  been  extensively  practised  from  the 
most  remote  antiquity,  without  its  applicability  to  printing 
being  discovered,  is  a  curious  subject  for  reflection  ;  and  we  can 
only  imagine  that  its  not  having  led  to  this  discovery,  was  for 
the  want  of  material  to  print  on ;  as  when  the  manufacture  of 
paper  from  linen  rags  was  discovered  at  the  latter  end  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  the  invention  of  printing  very  shortly  fol- 
lowed it. 

The  earliest  wood  engraving,  with  a  date  attached  to  it,  that 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  177 

we  have  any  knowledge  of,  is  that  known  as  the  St.  Christo- 
pher, which  is  dated  1423  ;  but  no  impression  from  an  engraved 
printed  plate  has  been  found  anterior  to  1461.  Germany  and 
Italy  both  claim  the  invention,  but  Italy,  we  think,  has  the  best 
title  to  it,  and  it  is  now  generally  conceded  to  that  country. 

The  art  of  Wood  Engraving  has  made  most  rapid  progress 
during  the  last  few  years  in  this  country,  and  no  one  individual 
has  contributed  more  to  that  progress  than  Mr.  A.  II.  JOCELYN, 
the  proprietor  of  the  "  New  York  Wood  Engraving  Establish- 
ment," of  No.  58  and  60  Fulton  street.  In  this  establishment, 
none  but  the  most  competent  artists  are  engaged,  and  lie  is, 
therefore,  enabled  to  produce  work  which,  in  beauty  and  accu- 
racy of  design,  fineness  of  finish,  and  boldness  of  execution, 
cannot  be  surpassed.  Mr.  J.  gives  his  personal  attention  to  the 
fulfilment  of  special  orders,  and  he  has  constantly  on  hand 
several  hundred  original  illustrations,  suitable  for  all  purposes, 
and  is  engraving,  from  time  to  time,  numerous  designs  for  the 
artistic  printer ;  to  such  and  all  requiring  wood  engravings,  we 
can  recommend  Mr.  Jocelyn,  as  they  will  find  in  his  establish- 
ment the  art  carried  to  perfection  in  all  its  beautiful  and  inte- 
resting details. 


Adversity  overcome  is  the  brightest  glory,  and  willingly 
undergone,  the  greatest  virtue.  Sufferings  are  but  the  trials  of 
gallant  spirits. 


A  lively  Hibernian  exclaimed,  at  a  party  where  Theodore 
Hook  shone  as  the  evening  star,  "  Och,  Master  Theodore,  but 
you're  the  hook  that  nobody  can  bate" 

8* 


BABBITT'S  PREMIUM   PORTABLE  FENCE. 

Beside  yon  straggling  fence,  that  skirts  the  way 
"With  blossom'd  furze,  un  profitably  gay, 
There,  in  his  noisy  mansion,  skill'd  to  rule 
The  village  master  taught  his  little  school. 

GOLDSMITH. 

Farmers  and  agriculturists  have  long  experienced  the  want  of 
a  good  strong  endurable  "portable  fence.  Fencing  in  has  hitherto 
been  the  heaviest  unproductive  outlay  in  the  farm,  and  conse- 
quently a  great  national  tax;  any  improvement  therefore  that 
will  save  time,  facilitate  operations,  and  diminish  expenditure, 
must  be  equally  a  national  benefit,  and  we  thiuk  the  inventor  of 
this  fence  has  succeeded  in  effecting  it. 

At  present  many  varieties  of  fence  are  in  use,  both  of  iron 
and  wood,  of  almost  all  conceivable  shapes  and  forms,  from  the 
rough  worm  fence  of  the  backwoodsman  to-  the  highly  orna- 
mental fence  of  the  gentleman  farmer,  the  first  costing  an 
immense  amount  of  labor  to  create,  and  the  latter  a  large 
expenditure ;  both  useful  in  their  way,  but  neither  adapted  to 
all  the  wants  of  a  large  farm,  especially  a  cattle  farm,  where  it 
is  oftentimes  very  desirable  to  be  able  to  part  off  at  certain  sea- 
sons parts  of  fields  for  pasturage  and  other  parts  for  cultivation. 
In  such  case  the  observing  farmer  will  readily  perceive  the 
advantage  of  a  PORTABLE  FENCE,  that  can  be  easily  removed 
from  place  to  place  as  occasion  may  require,  at  a  very  small 
cost  of  time  and  labor,  and  one  that  can  be  equally  as  well 
used  permanently  as  temporarily.  The  annexed  engraving  will 
illustrate  the  construction  of  this  fence.  It  will  be  observed 
that  the  six  cross  rails  cut  square  are  inserted  diagonally  in 
upright  pillars  resting  on  the  ground  ;  these  uprights  are  in 


THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 


179 


two  parts  braced  together  by  an  iron  band  on  the  upper  end, 
while  the  corner  pillars  have  four  equal  separate  sides  tapering 


n 


upwards,  held  together  in  the  same  manner.  It  will  thus  easily 
be  perceived  how  strong  a  fence  it  will  form  when  up,  and  how 
easily  it  can  be  taken  apart  and  moved  from  place  to  place. 
Among  the  advantages  of  this  fence  are  the  following : 

1.  It  is  very  simple — can  be  put  up  and  taken  apart  with 
great  ease  and  rapidity. 

2.  The  rails  are  square,  put  up  diagonally,  thereby  shedding 
rain,  no  part  touching  the  ground,  consequently  it  is  the  most 
durable  fence  made. 

3.  It  is  heavier  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  top;  winds  take 
but  a  slight  hold  of  it. 

4.  When  taken  apart  it  occupies  the  least  possible  space,  and 
is  very  conveniently  transported. 

5.  Unlike  most  other  fences,  it  beautifies  the  appearance  of 
fields.     It  cannot  become  a  covert  for  foul  seeds  and  weeds. 

6.  Harmonizing  with  enlightened  agriculture,  by  avoiding 
unnecessary  or  useless  outlay,  it  enables  the  farmer  to  dispense 
with  all  interior  fencing,  except  portions  of  his  pasture  grounds 
for  stock  grazing.     When  one  portion  is  eaten  off,  the  fence  is 
removed,  enclosing  another  portion ;  and  thus  the  stock  have 
the  benefit  of  fresh  pastures. 

7.  It  is  convenient  for  fencing  off  portions  of  large  fields, 
parks,  and  lawns — for  railroads  and  oilier  public  works. 


180  THE   UNION  SKETCH   BOOK. 

8.  The  price  of  Farm  Fence  of  six  rails  of  good  material  is 
from  ten  to  twelve  cents  per  running  foot. 

9.  Forty  rods  of  it  can  be  taken  up  and  put  down  in  a  day 
by  one  man. 

It  is  made  of  oak,  hemlock,  or  pine,  and  can  be  made  orna- 
mental by  attaching  caps  to  the  posts. 

The  inventor  has  many  testimonials  from  persons  in  this 
State  and  New  Jersey,  who  have  this  fence  in  use,  showing  its 
efficiency  under  all  circumstances ;  and  some  who  have  it  in 
most  exposed  situations  further  assert  that  the  wind  has  no 
effect  upon  it,  neither  is  it  liable  to  derangement  by  frost ;  but, 
on  the  contrary,  in  the  winter  it  is  of  great  use  in  preventing 
the  snow  from  drifting.  These  considerations,  combined  with 
the  advantages  of  economy,  portability,  and  strength,  will,  we 
think,  prove  it  an  invaluable  article  to  eveiy  farmer  and 
planter. 

Should  any  person  interested  desire  to  see  or  learn  farther 
about  this  fence,  the  Company  will  gladly* furnish  them  every 
information  at  the  office  of 

THE  NEW  YORK  FENCE  COMPANY, 

No.  112  William  Street,  New  York, 

W.  SHATTUCK,  Agent. 
To  whom  all  orders  should  be  addressed. 


As  my  wife,  at  the  window,  one  day 

Stood  watching  a  man  with  a  monkey, 
A  cart  came  by  with  a  ' '  bfoth  of  a  boy, " 

Who  was  driving  a  stout  little  donkey. 
To  my  wife  then  I  spoke,  by  way  of  a  joke, 

"  There's  a  relation  of  yours  in  that  carriage.'' 
To  which  she  replied,  as  the  donkey  she  spied, 

"  Ah,  yes,  a  relation — by  marriage  I" 


FIRE-PROOF  SAFES. 

"Wise  men  ne'er  sit  and  wail  their  loss, 
But  cheerly  seek  how  to  redress  their  harm. 

SHAKSPEARE. 

The  discovery  and  invention  of  Fire-Proof  Safes  was  a  tri- 
umph of  no  inconsiderable  magnitude,  and  the  invaluable  advan- 
tages which  their  possession  has  secured  the  business  man  are 
too  well  known  to  require  encomium.  For  a  period  of  nearly 
twenty  years  Mr.  SILAS  C.  HERRIXG  has  stood  at  the  head  of 
his  business,  and  his  productions,  which  bear  the  name  of 
"Champion,"  have  received  unqualified  approbation  of  the 
leading  business  men  of  the  country.  The  resources  of  Messrs. 
HERRING  &  Co.  are  unlimited,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  they  employ  in  their  manufacturing  department  a  force  of 
nearly  300  hands.  At  their  establishment,  on  the  corner  of 
Murray  street  and  Broadway,  and  in  the  hands  of  their  agents, 
they  have  usually  a  stock  of  from  900  to  1200  safes,  while 
their  annual  sales  do  not  fall  short  of  between  $300,000  and 
$400,000.  The  principle  of  Herring's  Patent  Champion  Safe, 
and  the  process  of  manufacture,  are  thus  briefly  explained  : 

"  The  metal  portion  of  these  Safes  consists  of  the  stoutest 
and  toughest  wrought  bar  and  plate  iron,  and  the  space  between 
the  outer  and  inner  surfaces  is  filled  with  a  chemical  prepara- 
tion which  is  the  most  perfect  non-conductor  of  heat  yet  dis- 
covered, and  which  cannot  be  affected  or  penetrated  by  fire. 
This  fact  has  been  established  beyond  question  by  the  results  of 
many  experiments,  attested  by  persons  of  the  highest  respecta- 
bility. In  every  trial  to  which  the  genuine  Herring  Safe  has 
been  subjected,  whether  accidental,  in  burning  buildings,  or  by 
agreement,  for  the  purpose  of  competition,  its  fire-proof  proper- 
ties have  proved  immeasurably  superior  to  those  of  any  (so 


182  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

called)  fire-proof  safe  ever  manufactured.  By  an  improvement 
upon  the  original  Salamander,  introduced  by  the  present  owner 
of  the  patent  right,  the  interior  is  rendered  wholly  impervious 
to  damp,  and  books,  papers,  and  jewelry  might  be  preserved  in 
one  of  his  safes  for  a  century  without  contracting  a  blemish 
from  mould  or  mildew.  To  guard  against  counterfeits,  every 
safe  from  the  manufactory  of  the  proprietor,  and  sold  by  him 
and  his  agents,  has  a  brass  plate  in  front  bearing  his  name." 

So  great  is  the  confidence  which  the  proprietors  repose  in  the 
efficiency  of  their  renowned  safes,  that  they  boldly  offer  the 
handsome  sum  of  $1000  to  any  person  that  can  show  that  a 
Herring's  Patent  Champion  Safe  ever  failed  to  preserve  its  con- 
tents in  an  accidental  fire. 

The  Messrs.  HERRING  &  Co.  are  well  known  to  the  whole 
community  as  enterprising  and  most  reliable  business  men, 
being  free  and  liberal  in  all  their  business  transactions,  and  fully 
up  to  the  times  in  all  that  constitutes  the  ingredients  of  success. 
The  style  of  the  firm  is  thus  designated : 

S.    C.    HERRING   &    CO., 

•   PATENTEES  AND  MANUFACTURERS  OP 

HERRING'S  PATENT  CHAMPION  FIRE  AND  BURGLAR   PROOF   SAFES, 
WITH  HALL'S  PATENT  POWDER-PROOF  LOCK. 

SOLE  MANUFACTURERS  OF 

CEYGIER'S  PATENT  CHANGEABLE  POWDER-PROOF  LOCK, 
WITHOUT  KEY  OR  KEYHOLE. 

ALSOySOLE  PROPRIETORS   OF 

JONES'     PATENT     PERMUTATION     BANK     LOCK. 

The  above  Safes  and  Locka  both  received  separate  Medals  at  the  World's  Fair,  London, 
In  1851,  and  Crystal  Palace,  New  York,  1853-4. 

WAREHOUSE,  NO.  251  BROADWAY,  CORNER  OF  MURRAY  STREET, 
(OPPOSITE  CITT  IIALL), 

NEW    YORK- 


THE  BANKING  SYSTEM. 

• 

Gold  is  the  strength,  the  sinews  of  the  world ; 
The  health,  the  soul,  the  beauty  most  divine ; 
A  mask  of  gold  hides  all.  deformities ; 
Gold  is  heaven's  physic — life's  restorative. 

DECKER. 

The  Banking  System,  as  identified  with  the  foreign  and 
domestic  trade  of  the  Union,  necessarily  commands  an  import- 
ant position  in  this  work.  Agriculture,  manufactures,  and 
commerce  share  equally  in  the  benefits  of  circulation  and  cur- 
rency, from  the  fact  that  the  United  States  has  no  national 
institution,  like  those  of  Europe,  to  create  a  general  system  of 
banking.  New  York,  being  acknowledged  at  the  head  of  the 
foreign  and  domestic  exchanges  of  the  Union,  requires  and  has 
adopted  a  system  of  her  own  ;  hence  the  reason  for  the  adjust- 
ment of  the  balances  here,  and  the  establishment  of  a  clearing 
house. 

Without  entering  into  details  respecting  the  merits  of  the 
general  banking  system  throughout  the  country,  we  may  here 
casually  remark,  that  of  late  years  private  banking  institutions, 
as  affecting  the  convenience  of  business  men,  have  found  great 
favor  with  the  public  ;  they  have  rapidly  increased  in  number, 
and  are  now  to  be  found  in  successful  operation  in  various  parts 
of  the  country.  Prominent  among  them  is  the  well  known 
banking  house  of  DUNCAN,  SHERMAN  &  Co.  The  building 
occupied  by  this  firm  is  a  fine  brown-stone  structure,  situated  on 
the  corner  of  Pine  and  Nassau-streets.  The  house  was  origi- 
nally established  in  1851,  by  Messrs.  Alexander  Duncan,  Watts 
Sherman,  and  W.  Ruther  Duncan,  and  has  since  added  to  the 
firm'  the  flames  of  Charles  II.  Dobney  and  David  Duncan ;  all 
of  whom  have  been  practically  educated  to  their  business,  and 


184  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

whose  enlarged  experience  has  imparted  a  reputation  to  their 
house  second  to  none  in  the  country.  The  business  transacted 
by  this  establishment  relates  to  general  banking  business."  They 
receive  deposits,  and  make  loans  and  discounts,  the  same  as  the 
city  banks,  grant  letters  for  the  Indies,  China,  Europe,  etc. ; 
also  issue  circular  letters  and  circular  notes  for  travellers,  availa- 
ble in  all  parts  of  the  globe,  embracing  the  greatest  convenience 
and  security.  With  regard  to  interest,  they  allow  such  sums 
on  current  balances  as  the  activity  and  value  of  the  account  will 
justify.  The  entire  business  of  the  firm,  in  fact,  is  conducted 
upon  a  sure,  solid,  and  systematic  basis,  and  as  affecting  the 
convenience  and  accommodation  of  the  public,  maybe  regarded 
as  a  highly  useful  institution.  Private  banking  concerns  con- 
ducted upon  the  principle  adopted  by  this  house  should  ever 
receive  the  sanction  and  approbation  of  the  public. 


PROMISES. — More  persons  have  suffered  and  been  ruined  by 
making  promises,  and  by  believing  in  those  who  made  them, 
than  by  any  misfortune  or  calamity  within  the  circle  of  human 
life. 


New  pumping  machines  are  now  being  erected  at  New 
Orleans;  they  are  guaranteed  to  throw  12,500,000  gallons  of 
water,  for  city  use,  150  feet  high  every  twenty-four  hours. 


"Taking  them  one  with  another,"  said  Sydney  Smith,"! 
believe  my  congregation  to  be  the  most  exemplary  observers  of 
the  religious  ordinances ;  for  the  poor  keep  all  the  fasts  and 
the  rich  keep  all  the  feasts." 


PHOTOGRAPHY  UPON  PORCELAIN  WARES. 

Art  is  wondroxis  long; 
Yet  to  the  wise  her  paths  are  ever  fair, 
And  patience  smiles,  though  genius  may  despair. 

HOLMES. 

On  the  30th  August,  1859,  there  issued  from  the  Patent  Office 
of  these  United  States  one  of  the  most  novel  and  elegant  inven- 
tions in  the  art-world  yet  patented  in  the  present  century.  We 
allude  to  the  art  of  photographing  on  porcelain,  the  product  of 
American  genius  and  perseverance,  which  has  successfully  accom- 
plished what  Europeans  have  vainly  been  endeavoring  to  effect 
for  years  past.  This  is  no  small  triumph,  when  we  come  to  con- 
sider that  the  celebrated  English  manufacturer  of  porcelain  and 
china  ware,  Mr.  Wedgewood,  and  the  equally  well  known  Fox 
Talbot,  have  spent  months  of  toil  and  industrious  research  to 
effect  the  desired  object,  and  that,  too,  backed  with  all  the 
means  and  appliances  that  wealth  could  furnish,  together  with 
their  well  known  ingenuity  and  perseverance,  and  yet  have  sig- 
nally failed  in  its  accomplishment. 

Highly  beautiful  as  photographs  are  in  their  present  condi- 
tion, .this  invention  (the  successful  effort  of  Professor  PEIN,  of 
Now  Jersey)  has  added  double  lustre  to  them.  The  photograph 
on  paper  ordinarily  presents  a  dull  and  sombre  appearance;  the 
features  and  the  likeness  of  course  are  there,  but  the  vivid  life 
appearance  is  wanting.  This  in  this  new  invention  is  reversed. 
There,  on  the  contrary,  the  object  presented  to  the  eye  stands  out 
in  bojd  relief,  not  looking,  as  it.  is,  a  picture  on  a  flat  surface, 
but  appearing  as  a  projecting  substance,  heightened  in  distinctr 
ness  by  the  delicacy  and  vividness  by  which  every  mark  is 
developed  on  the  polished  surface  of  the  porcelain.  There  are 
other  advantages  also  connected  with  this  invention.  They  can 


186  THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK. 

be  as  well  transferred  to  irregular  and  uneven  as  to  flat  surfaces. 
Thus,  instead  of  having  our  tables  and  mantels  loaded  with  por- 
celain ornaments  covered  with  unmeaning  landscapes,  or  even 
artistic,  tasty  groups  of  flowers,  we  can  by  this  process  have 
them  covered  with  portraits  of  dear  loved  friends,  perhaps  far 
away,  or  some  well  remembered  landscape,  or  perhaps  some 
wild  mountain  scene,  or  other  scenes  endeared  by  old  associa- 
tions upon  which  memory  loves  to  linger. 

Imagine  for  an  instant  the  face  of  beauty  instantaneously  and 
indelibly  transferred  to  a  mantel  vase,  or  to  a  humbler  breakfast 
cup,  or  to  any  other  china  article  that  can  be  possibly  manu- 
factured ;  and  that  too  with  an  unimpeachable  accuracy  of  out- 
line and  a  minuteness  of  shadow  rivalling  if  not  excelling  the 
•most  elaborate  products  of  manual  labor,  excelling  the  best  pro- 
ductions in  accuracy  and  reliability  of  features,  and  you  will 
confess  these  Porcelain  Photographs  a  marvel  of  ingenuity,  even 
in  this  ingenious  age.  We  had  supposed  the  art  of  photogra- 
phy had  been  applied  to  nearly  all  the  uses  to  which  it  was 
capable,  but  we  found  Shakspeare  was  right  in  saying  "  There 
are  more  things  in  heaven  and  earth  than  are  dreamed  of  in 
man's  philosophy." 

Some  may  think  these  are  luxuries.  Doubtless  they  are,  as 
are  all  things  merely  ornamental.  But  they  are  inexpensive 
luxuries,  the  cost  of  them  Jittle  exceeding  the  ordinary  cost  of 
the  ornament,  and  far  exceeding  them  in  value  as  mementoes  of 
the  loved  or  of  the  past. 

We  fear  we  have  failed  to  delineate  in  our  brief  article  half 
the  beauties  of  this  splendid  invention,  but  we  advise  suph  as 
can  to  visit  the  rooms  of  the  AMERICAN  PORCELAIN  PHOTOGRAPH 
COMPANY,  located  at  781  Broadway,  and  see  for  themselves. 
We  are  sure  they  can  spend  a  very  pleasant  hour  there. 
Those  who  reside  in  the  country,  and  are'  desirous  of  trans- 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  187 

ferring  to  some  porcelain  ornament  the  likeness  of  themselves 
or  friends,  or  any  vignette  or  landscape,  can  have  it  done  by 
forwarding  an  accurate  photograph  on  paper,  which  can  be 
transferred  to  the  vase  or  article  desired. 

Any  desired  information  will  be  gladly  given  on  addressing 
THE  AMERICAN  PORCELAIN  PHOTOGRAPH  COMPANY, 

781  Broadway,  New  York. 


Peppermint,  as  an  article  of  commerce,  is  largely  grown  in 
Lake  county,  Ohio.  This  year  over  $4000  have  been  paid  to 
the  producers  of  this  article,  and  in  Painsville  the  oil  is  worth 
$12.50  per  gallon. 

The  Savings  Banks  in  Rhode  Island  have  deposits  to  the 
amount  of  $9,163,760  in  the  names  of  35,405  persons.  Three 
of  the  banks  are  in  Providence,  and  these  have  $4,344,061, 
and  17, 709  depositors. 

Tuscany  is  so  rich  in  metallic  ores  that  ships  in  the  channel 
of  Piombino  have  to  allow  for  the  variation  of  the  needle. 
Sardinia  has  begun  to  utilize  these  mineral  riches. 


A  Western  editor  thinks  sewing  girls  cannot  be  expected  to 
compete  with  sewing-machines,  for  they  haven't  suqh  iron  con- 
stitutions. 


The  amount  of  lead  shipped  from  the  Galena  mines  last  year 
was  18,553,211  pounds,  valued  at  $1,028,442.10. 


MILITARY  BOOKS. 

'Tis  m  books  the  chief 

Of  all  things  to  be  plain  and  brief. 

BUTLER. 

D.  VAN  NOSTRAND, 

BOOKSELLER,    PUBLISHER,    AND    IMPORTER. 

Aristotle  tells  us  that  the  alphabet  was  invented  to  record 
sound.  "  Letters,"  he  remarks,  "  are  marks  of  words,  and  as 
words. are  sounds,  significant  letters  are  marks  of  such  sounds." 
This  we  know  to  be  correct,  and  can  imagine  to  be  the  idea 
of  the  inventors  of  the  system,  the  credit  of  which,  we  think, 
is  deservedly  accorded  to  the  Phoenicians.  Writing  was  an 
art  of  exceedingly  slow  growth ;  at  first  it  was  pictorial,  then 
as  the  records  became  voluminous  the  scribes  were  obliged  to 
abridge  the  representations,  and  thus,  gradually  and  by  very 
slow  degrees,  the  pictures  were  superseded  by  the  signs  of 
sounds,  or  in  other  words,  letters  were  invented.  But  even 
after  the  invention  of  this  invaluable  and  imperishable  art, 
writing  made  but  slow  progress.  This,  as  we  mentioned  in  a 
previous  article,  was  doubtless  owing  greatly  to  the  want  of 
material  to  write  upon  ;  paper  was  not  known,  and  we  read 
that  the  earliest  articles  Used  for  this  purpose,  were  plates  of 
lead,  copper,  the  bark  of  trees,  stone,  bricks,  wood,  ivory,  and 
leaves  of  the  palm-tree.  Later  leather  was  used,  and  speedily 
after  the  introduction  of  this,  parchment,  made  from  the* 
skins  of  goats  and  sheep,  was  produced,  and  has  been  one  of 
the  great  means  of  handing  down  to  us  the  records  of  past 
ages.  The  first  books  were  in  the  form  of  blocks  or  tablets, 
the  square  form  so  much  in  use  now  was  known  to  the 
ancients,  but  not  much  valued ;  when  the  leather  and  parch- 
ment came  into  use  it  was  found  convenient  t'o  make  the 


THE   UNION  SKETCH  BOOK.  189 

books  into  rolls,  and  tbe  volume  when  extended  would  be  pro- 
bably two  or  tbree  feet  in  widtb,  by  50  or  100  feet  in  length ; 
we  expect  few  of  our  readers  would  care  to  peruse  sucb  a 
volume  now.  As  a  little  item  of  interest  to  many,  we  would 
mention  that  the  word  volume  is  a  word  of  very  ancient 
origin,  derived  from  the  fact  of  the  leaves  from  the  palm,  the 
inner  bark  of  the  lime,  ash,  maple,  and  elm,  being  used  for 
writing  on ;  which,  when  rolled  up  together,  were  called 
volwnen,  a  mass,  now,  anglice,  volume.  Notwithstanding  the 
immense  labor  required  to  produce  a  volume  in  those  early 
days,  we  are  told  that  the  library  of  Alexandria  furnished 
sufficient  fuel  to  the  4,000  baths  of  that  city  for  six  months, 
when  the  library  was  destroyed  by  the  order  of  Caliph  Omar, 
A.D.  642.  What  a  world  of  mind  and  thought  was  there  lost 
never  to  be  regained. 

We  have  given  above  a'few  hasty  facts  about  the  origin  of 
letters  as  introductory  to  speaking  of  the  works  of  the  publisher 
whose  name  heads  this  article.  Mr.  Van  Nostrand  has  been 
in  the  business  from  his  earliest  youth,  and  has  recently 
devoted  his  special  attention  to  the  publishing  of  military  and 
scientific  works  ;  in  fact,  for  naval  and  military  books  his  house 
is,  "par  excellence,"  the  great  depot  of  the  United  States,  as 
will  be  seen  by  the  following  catalogue  of  some  of  the  books  he 
publishes. 

Lt.  CoL  BURNS'  NAVAL  AND  MILITARY  TECHNICAL  DIC- 
TIONARY of  the  French  Language.  In  two  parts,  French-English, 

.        1  vol.     Crown  8vo.  $2  50. 

THE  SIEGE  OF  BOMARSUND,  1854.  Translated  from  the  French 
by  an  Army  Officer.  12mo.  75  eta. 

RIFLES  AND  RIFLE  PRACTICE.— An  Elementary  Treatise  upon  the 
Theory  of  Rifle  Firing.  By  Captain  C.  M.  Wilcox,^J.S.A.  1  vol. 
12mo.  With  Illustrations.  $1  75. 

THE  ARTILLERIST'S  MANUAL.  Illustrated  .by  Engravings.  By 
Capt.  John  Gibbon,  U.S. A.  8vo.  $5. 


190  THE   UNION   SKETCH   BOOK. 

AUSTRIAN   INFANTRY  TACTICS.     Translated    by    Capt.    C.   M. 

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A  COURSE  OF  INSTRUCTION  in  Ordnance  Gunnery.     By  Capt.  J. 

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NEW  MANUAL  OF  THE  BAYONET.  By  Capt.  I.  C.  Kelton,  U.S.A. 

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DICTIONARY  of  all  Officers  in  the  Army  of  the  United  States,  from 

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on  a  War  Footing.    By  Capt.  C.  M.  Wilcox,  U.S.  Army.     25  cts. 
CAPTAIN  J.  H.  WARD,  U.S.  NAVY.     Naval  Ordnance  and  Gunnery. 

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THE   UNION   SKETCH   BOOK.  191 

This  latter  book,  the  Military  Dictionary,  by  Col.  Scott 
(son  in-law  of  the  veteran  Gen.  Scott),  is  a  work  that  must 
prove  invaluable  "to  officers;  the  information  it  contains 
entitles  it  more  to  the  character  of  a  Cyclopedia  than  to  that 
of  a  Dictionary.  Besides  giving  the  full  technology  of  the 
Military  Art,  it  supplies  the  latest  facts  connected  with  the 
improvements  of  Cannon,  Fire  Arms,  &c.  It  should  be  in  the 
hands  of  every  one  of  our  volunteer  officers. 

These  books,  as  we  said  before,  are  only  a  very  small  part 
of  his  catalogue ;  but  those  interested  in  militaiy  and  naval 
matters  will  find  every  work  they  may  need  at  his  establish- 
ment. All  the  best  foreign  works  on  military  and  naval 
subjects  are  imported  by  him  as  soon  as  they  issue  from 
the  press.  He  also  makes  a  specialty  of  scientific  works,  and 
has  the  most  complete  stock  of  both  American  and  Foreign 
always  on  hand;  and  from  his  long  experience  in  the  book  busi- 
ness, he  can  supply  either  public  or  private  libraries  on  the 
most  liberal  terms.  Paris,  London,  Leipsig,  Dresden,  &c.,  the 
great  centres  of  European  Literature,  contribute  by  almost 
every  steamer  to  swell  his  stock,  and  we  can  only  recommend 
all  in  search  of  the  class  of  books  we  have  named  to  visit  him, 
as  they  will  be  sure  to  find  them.  His  address  is  D.  Van 
Nostrand,  192  Broadway,  cor.  John  street. 


""What  are  wages  here?"  asked  a  laborer  of  a  boy.  "I 
don't  know,  sir."  "What  does  your  father  get  on  Saturday 
night?"  "Get?"  said  the  boy,  "why,  he  gets  as  tight  as  a 
brick." 


"  I  go  through  my  work,"  as  the  needle  said  to  the  idle  boy. 
"  But  not  till  you  are  hard  pushed,'*  as  the  idle  boy  said  to  the 
needle. 


THE  LIBRARY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

Santa  Barbara 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW. 


Series  9482 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


A     000  703  204     8 

ami 


IN  this  age  of  inventions,  few  articles  have  been  produced  of 
so  much  value  to  the  Shipping  interest,  as 

GAY'S  PATENT   MARINE    PAINT. 

The  principal  component  of  this  Paint  is  entirely  new  in  its 
application,  and  gives  it  a  character  possessed  by  no  other.  The 
inventor  was  for  many  years  a  shipbuilder,  and  the  Paint  has 
stood  through  a  successful  test,  and  is  without  doubt  the  best  in 
use.  It  is  a  lasting  preservative  when  applied  to  either  iron 
or  wood,  and  resists  completely  the 

ACTION  OF  SALT  WATER  OK  MARINE  INSECTS. 

To  prevent  fouling  of  the  ship's  bottom,  it  is  invaluable.  It  is 
intensely  black  and  lustrous,  giving  a  beautiful  surface. 

This  Paint  withstands  heat  to  a  greater  degree  than  any 
other  known,  and  is  very  extensively  use  for 

STEAMERS'  PIPES,  AND  ALL  MACHINERY 

Requiring  black  Paint,  Iron  Railings,  Stove  Polish,  and  Iron 
Work  generally. 

The  New  York  Agents  for  the  sale  of  GAY'S  PATENT  1 
TROUS  MARINE  PAINT,  are 

FORBES    &,    WILLIS, 

73   South.  Street. 


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